“the most perfect stagnation”

Posted on August 31, 2013 by SUMPTER

It’s been quiet along the major Eastern front. The Army of Northern Virginia is keeping busy with drills and reviews, the latter attended by women spectators. The soldiers seem to be well-fed and desertions are down, thanks to General Lee’s grants of furloughs and leaves of absence.

From the Richmond Daily Dispatch August 30, 1863:

Our army correspondence.

Army Northern Virginia,
August28, 1863.

Since my last, no demonstration has been made by the enemy’s cavalry, save the crossing at Ellis’s Ford of about four hundred, who came with their side arms only. The object of the visit, it appears, was to secure a number of cattle belonging to a citizen, who, it is alleged, had removed from his place of residence on this side of the river, with all his goods and chattels, to within the Yankee lines. The expedition ended in a failure, and the capture of several prisoners by us.

The gallant Mosby is understood to be again in the saddle, and his success cannot be doubted.

Beyond this, the most perfect stagnation continues to prevail on both sides. In our own camps, however, drills, inspections, and reviews, are of daily and weekly occurrence, which furnish a pleasant relief from the monotony of camp life. During the present week Gen. A. P. Hill has reviewed the veterans of Anderson’s, Heth’s, and Wilcox’s divisions. The respective brigades were in excellent condition, and presented an imposing illustration of the “pomp and circumstance of glorious war.” These occasions are largely attended by both sexes — especially by the fair sex, who grace and enliven the scene by their presence. On the authority of an Assistant Inspector-General of Gen. Lee’s Staff, whose weekly rounds of the army afford that scrutinizing officer ample opportunities for knowing, the whole army was never at any period of the war in better condition or fighting trim than at the present juncture. Well shod, clothed, and fed, and always in most exuberant spirits, they could not be otherwise. The camps are eligibly situated and regularly policed, and particular attention given to measures for the preservation of health. As an illustration of the present healthful condition of the army, only about ten of Ewell’s corps are on an average daily sent to the hospitals, whereas formerly there were five or ten times as many, perhaps, from each corps.

The commissariat is ample, and to each man is daily issued one pound of beef or bacon, one and a quarter pounds of flour or meal, peas, rice, salt, &c., in proportion. In some brigades there are regular issues of rations of green corn, and good facilities for obtaining other vegetables of the season, which the surrounding country affords in abundance.

The beneficial effects of the late order from Gen. Lee, granting furloughs to two of every hundred men and brief leaves of absence to officers, are visible in the spirit of contentment that prevails and the less frequent occurrence of desertions, from which the best army ever organized, under any circumstances, was never free to some extent. The trains continue to bring in return numbers of convalescent sick and wounded, who are promptly returning to their posts.

What if Charleston should fall?–a consequence by no means necessary or very probable — or what if no ray pierces the cloud in the East, bringing hope of foreign recognition or interference? We can still carve our own way with the sword to independence, and lay the foundation of the true Southern policy for which this revolution was inaugurated. The sooner we make up our minds to this the better. If there exists any ground to fear the demoralization of our armies it is from the despondency and periodical croakings of those not in the service, who have not yet learned to appreciate the wonderful patriotism that animates the most unpretending private in the ranks amidst all the privations and dangers of the march and the battle-field. …

It must be pretty quiet over at the Union’s Army of the Potomac, too. On August 28th the Pennsylvania Reserve Corps presented a fancy sword to General Meade. 150 years ago today General Meade reflected on the sword and other matters in a letter to his wife (page 145). After saying most of the newspaper reports were quite accurate except that he never endorsed Pennsylvania Governor Curtin for re-election, General Meade continued:

general-meade-sword (Harper's Weekly October 3, 1863)


THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC—SWORD PRESENTATION BY GENERAL CRAWFORD’S DIVISION TO GENERAL MEADE.—SKETCHED BY A. R. WAUD.—[SEE PAGE 635.]

The image of the sword presentation was published in the October 3, 1863 issue of Harper’s Weekly at the Son of the South. Artist Alfred R. Waud did a bit of verbal reporting in which he agreed with General Meade that sword seemed a waste of money: Although “the presentation made to General Meade, which was a well-deserved compliment to one of our best officers, it may not be out of place to ask why so much money—the sum variously stated from fifteen hundred to twenty-two hundred dollars—should be spent upon a sword which it is not likely the General will wear?”

A week earlier (I’m assuming it’s the same execution) Harper’s published Mr. Waud’s sketch of the execution of the five deserters, which General Meade felt would have a good effect on all his men, especially the new conscripts, who were arriving in greater numbers:

execution-1500 (Harper's Weekly, September 26, 1863)

“Why did they not begin this practice long ago?”

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Jeff’s Emancipation Proclamation?

Posted on August 30, 2013 by SUMPTER
The pending conflict (Philadelphia : Published by Oliver Evans Woods, 1863; LOC: LC-USZ62-42025)

Desperate Jeff ready to trump Abe?

From The New-York Times August 30, 1863:

VERY IMPORTANT NEWS.; The Last Rebel Card Played by Jeff. Davis. Call for Five Hundred Thousand Negro Troops. Their Freedom and Fifty Acres of Land Promised to Them. Four Rebel War Vessels Run Into Wilmington Harbor. Two Rebel Spies Captured.

FORTRESS MONROE, Saturday, Aug. 29.

The steamer C.W. Thomas has arrived from Newbern with Lieut. STERLING, of Gen. PECK’s Staff, as bearer of dispatches.

Rebel papers received at Morehead City say that JEFF. DAVIS has decided, after a conference with the Governors of the Confederate States, to call out 500,000 black troops, who are to receive their freedom and fifty acres of land at the end of the war.

A dispatch from the blockading fleet says that on the morning of the 17th inst. a large sloop-of-war of ten guns, with the British flag flying, swept past the blockading steamers and immediately hoisted the rebel flag and passed into Wilmington, which is the fourth rebel war vessel which has run this blockade within six weeks.

FORTRESS MONROE, Friday, Aug. 28.

Two rebel soldiers recently made their way into Norfolk, Va., and after taking notes of everything of military interest in and about the city, attempted to return to Richmond, but were captured before passing our lines. They are now prisoners in Fort Norfolk, and it is expected will meet their deserts in a few days. Their names are WILLIAM T. BACKUS and NATHANIEL WILKERSON.

Although the Confederate Congress did not approve the use of slaves as soldiers until March 13, 1865, Scott K. Williams has written:

It has been estimated that over 65,000 Southern blacks were in the Confederate ranks. Over 13,000 of these, “saw the elephant” also known as meeting the enemy in combat. These Black Confederates included both slave and free. The Confederate Congress did not approve blacks to be officially enlisted as soldiers (except as musicians), until late in the war. But in the ranks it was a different story. Many Confederate officers did not obey the mandates of politicians, they frequently enlisted blacks with the simple criteria, “Will you fight?

The Times served up other misinformation 150 years ago today:

CINCINATTI, Saturday, Aug. 29.

Late information from Vicksburgh confirms the death of Gen. PEMBERTON. He was shot by Texan soldiers. No particulars of the affair are given. …

The political cartoon from 1863 does not mention arming slaves. You can read about it at the Library of Congress

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well corked canteens

Posted on August 28, 2013 by SUMPTER
Map of the seat of war exhibiting the surrounding country, the approaches by sea & land to the capitol of the United States, and the military posts, forts, &c.Philadelphia, Jacob Monk, 1861. (LOC: http://www.loc.gov/item/99448479)

Fort Delaware – its in here!

150 years ago today folks in Richmond could read about the ingenuity and daring of some Confederate prisoners of war who escaped from Fort Delaware and/or the recently built barracks on Pea Patch Island.

From the Richmond Daily Dispatch August 28, 1863:

Escape of prisoners from Fort Delaware.

–Yesterday afternoon five Confederate prisoners: A. L. Brooks and C. J. Fuller, company G, 9th Georgia; J. Marian, company D, 9th Ga.; Wm. E. Glassey, co B, 18th Miss., and Jno, Dorsey, co. A, Stuart’s Horse Artillery, arrived here from Fort Delaware, having made their escape from Fort Delaware on the night of the 12th inst. The narrative of their escape is interesting. Having formed the plan to escape, they improvised life preservers by tying four canteens, well corked, around the body of each man, and on the night of the 12th inst. proceeded to leave the island. The night being dark they got into the water and swam off from the back of the island for the shore. Three of them swam four miles, and landed about two miles below Delaware City; the other two, being swept down the river, floated down sixteen miles, and landed at Christine Creek. Another soldier (a Philadelphian) started with them, but was drowned a short distance from the shore. He said he was not coming back to the Confederacy, but was going to Philadelphia. He had eight canteens around his body, but was not an expert swimmer.

fort-delaware (Harper's Weekly, June 27, 1863)

THE ARRIVAL OF TWO THOUSAND VICKSBURG PRISONERS AT FORT DELAWARE.—[SKETCHED BY MR. D. AULD, FORTY-THIRD OHIO.]

The three who landed near Delaware City laid in a cornfield all night, and the next evening, about dark, started on their way South, after first having made known their condition to a farmer, who gave them a good supper. They travelled that night twelve miles through Kent county, Del., and the next day lay concealed in a gentleman’s barn. From there they went to Kent county, Md., where the citizens gave them new clothes and money. After this their detection was less probable, as they had been wearing their uniforms the two days previous. They took the cars on the Philadelphia and Baltimore Railroad at Town send and rode to Dover, the capital of Delaware. Sitting near them in the cars were a Yankee Colonel and Captain, and the provost guard passed through frequently. They were not discovered, however, though to escape detection seemed almost impossible. They got off the train at Delamar and went by way of Barren Creek Springs and Quantico, Md., to the Nanticoke river, and got into a canal.

Here they parted company with five others who had escaped from Fort Delaware some days previous, as the canoe would not hold ten of them. In the canoe they went to Tangier’s Sound, and, crossing the Chesapeake, landed in Northumberland county, below Point Lookout, a point at which the Yankees are building a fort for the confinement of prisoners. They met with great kindness from citizens of Heathsville, who contributed $120 to aid them on their route. They soon met with our pickets, and came to this city on the York River Railroad. These escaped prisoners express in the liveliest terms their gratitude to the people of Maryland and Delaware, who did everything they could to aid them. There was no difficulty experienced in either State in finding generous people of Southern sympathies, who would give them both money and clothing, and put themselves to any trouble to help them on their journey.

Private Samuel H. Wilhelm of I Company, 4th Virginia Infantry Regiment with knife (between 1862 and 1863; LOC: LC-DIG-ppmsca-32458)

probably buried in New Jersey

These gentlemen state that a large number of our prisoners at Fort Delaware have taken the [o]ath and enlisted in the Yankee service. The Yankees have already, from prisoners who have taken the oath, enlisted 270 men in the 3d Maryland cavalry, 160 men in a battalion of heavy artillery, and 150 in an infantry regiment. To effect these enlistments they circulate all sorts of lies among the prisoners. The chief lies are to the effect that Gen. Lee has resigned — that North Carolina has withdrawn from the Confederacy and sent commissioners from the State on to Washington to make terms for re-entering the Union, and that Virginia is only waiting for Lee’s army to be driven from her borders, to resume her connection with the Yankee nation.

They tell the men if they will enlist they will be sent out West to fight the Indians, and will never be sent South where there would be any danger of their capture. When a prisoner agrees to enlist his name is put down in a book, and he is marched from the main body of the prisoners to another part of the island to join his companions in shame, who live in tents there. He never comes back among his old comrades, for fear, as one of our informants remarked, “we should cut his d — d throat.” They are jeered and hooted by their late companions as they pass out from them. They are termed “galvanized Yankees.”

Our prisoners are dying in Fort Delaware at the rate of twelve a day. Their rations are six crackers a day and spoilt beef.

In a 2010 (I believe) report Kevin Mackie, an undergraduate at the University of Delaware, questioned official reports of the number of escapees from Pea Patch Island during the Civil War and explained conditions there. He estimates between 64 and 103 Confederates escaped. The influx of prisoners from Vicksburg and Gettysburg by August 1863 increased the island’s population to over 12,000 and made conditions worse. By the end of the war over 2400 Prisoners and guards died and were buried “at Finn’s Point cemetery in New Jersey”. The poor living conditions and rampant disease motivated many prisoners to try to escape by crossing the swift current of the Delaware River. And there were other escape methods. For example, one man swapped places with a corpse in his casket. A Floridian is said to have successfully ice skated down the river to freedom.

According to the Library of Congress the above photo is of Private Samuel H. Wilhelm of I Company, 4th Virginia Infantry Regiment “who died as POW of acute diarrhea at Fort Delaware, Del., on September 22, 1863.

The image of the prisoners entering Fort Delaware was published in the June 27, 1863 issue of Harper’s Weekly at Son of the South.

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not so manifest

Posted on August 27, 2013 by SUMPTER
Sketch of John L. O'Sullivan (Harper's Weekly November 1874)

changed tune

150 years ago the journalist who coined the concept of Manifest Destiny was in Europe advocating the dissolution of the United States.

From the Richmond Daily Dispatch August 27, 1863:

Recognition.

–Mr. O’Sullivan, late United States Minister to Portugal, has put forth another pamphlet in London. It bears the title, “Recognition: its international legality, its justice, and its policy. A letter to Lord Palmerston.” it is an able statement of the leading arguments in favor of the recognition of the independence of the Southern Confederacy. He cites the principles which have governed European powers in recognizing nations, and applies them with conclusive force to the case of the Confederacy. He asks if there is any prospect of the subjugation of the South ? If the people of the South are united in demanding independence ? If their Government is cap maintaining order — is it, inset, a Government in fact? He contends that those of the subjugation of the Southern Southern people are unite to get rid of polit with the North–and that the Confederate Government is as constitutional and free and supported as the Government in favor of recognizing the Confederacy, and as an off act to precedents quoted by “Historians,” whose letters in the London Times against the recognition of the South attracted much notice, says.

“It is not necessary that hostilities on the part of the Northern Government should have actually ceased. (such was not the case in regard to the Swiss cantons, to the United Provinces, to Greece, to Belgium, to some of the South American States, to Texas, or (as a precedent in point for the present argument) to Hungary in 1848.”

The pamphlet is made the stronger by a forcible argument in support of State sovereignty and the right of secession, in which the American Revolutionary fathers are quoted with effect — among them occurring the names of the greatest Northern statesmen. Scouting the idea of war with the United States on account of recognition, he presses the propriety and urgency of it, on the score of both commerce and humanity. He concludes with the following warning to the noble Lord:

Confederate States of America (orthographic projection)

not exactly “sea to shining sea”

“But beware that your necessary eventual recognition be not too tardy to wear any aspect of grace or value in the eyes of any party or of any body on either side of the Atlantic. The general opinion of the country will both justify and applaud, and, on a word from your lips, Parliament will sanction with acclamation that recognition for which the friends of peace in America, alike at the North and at the South, now appeal to England and to Europe, as a means of peace and as the necessary precursor of peace. France is prepared, most of the other European Powers are prepared, to unite in the act.–And at the door of England, and England alone, will rest the true moral responsibility, with all its consequences, both to Europe and America, of its refusal.”

According to Wikipedia John Louis O’Sullivan used the term manifest destiny in 1845 columns urging the annexation of Texas and Oregon. He served as minister to Portugal during the 1853-1857 administration of Franklin Pierce. During the Civil War O’Sullivan wrote pamphlets in Europe supporting the Confederacy, states’ rights, and slavery.

The image of the CSA’s place in the Western Hemisphere in 1862 is licensed by Creative Commons

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sigh of relief

Posted on August 26, 2013 by SUMPTER

A conservative, Democrat paper reprinted an article maintaining that the black troops that fought for the North at Port Hudson were not the super warriors and/or super savages that some initial reports indicated.

From a Seneca County, New York newspaper in August 1863:

Our readers will remember the extraordinary stories which were scattered all over the country touching the valor of the negro soldiers who participated in the first assault upon Port Hudson. It was claimed that six hundred out of one thousand were killed, and the terrible blacks fought with their teeth when their muskets and arms failed them. All the abolition papers [joined?] in the chorus of praise for the negroes; the poet BAKER celebrated their deeds in verse; while General BANKS himself, in his dispatches, extolled the negro troops and said not a word in favor of the white. But the truth is out at last. The whole story was a falsehood from beginning to end, and was prepared beforehand to reconcile the North to the arming of the slaves. The New Orleans Era, General BANK’s personal organ, gives an official return of the losses during the whole siege in the negro regiments from which it appears that.

There were engaged in the siege of Port Hudson two regiments of colored troops, the First and the Third, both together numbering 1,245 men. Of these 28 were killed 123 wounded by gunshots, and 46 by falling trees making the total casualties 197. many of the wounds were slight, from which the sufferers have since recovered.

And so ends the romance of negro valor at Port Hudson. – World.

Maybe the black troops were like other soldiers – some braver, some less brave. That might be a pretty liberating idea for all of us.

The June 20, 1863 issue of Harper’s Weekly at Son of the South says that the black troops did well at Port Hudson and blames slavery for the recalcitrance of the Northern public to support black recruiting earlier:

NEGRO TROOPS.

THE magnificent behavior of the Second Louisiana colored regiment at Port Hudson recalls the fact that it is just two years since a warning, uttered in the columns of this journal, that if this war lasted we should arm the negroes, and use them to fight the rebels, was received with shrieks of indignation, not only at the South and in such semi-neutral States as Maryland and Kentucky, but throughout the loyal North and even in the heart of New England. At that time the bulk of the people of the United States entertained a notion that it was unworthy of a civilized or a Christian nation to use in war soldiers whose skin was not white. How so singular a notion could have originated, and how men should have clung to it in the face of the example of foreign nations and our own experience in the wars of 1776 and 1812, can only be explained by referring to the extraordinary manner in which for forty years slavery had been warping the heart and mind of the American people. A generation of men had grown up in awe of slavery, and in unchristian contempt of the blacks. And that generation declared that it would not have negro soldiers. …

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postal peace

Posted on August 24, 2013 by SUMPTER

It was a short labor stoppage at the Richmond Post Office, where clerks had not had a raise since the war and its rampant inflation began. And our Richmond newspaper still sees a lot of pressure on prices. Even though August 22nd was a National Fast Day on which several ministers “were deservedly severe on extortioners, and money worshippers” and the Dispatch had noticed some people wearing home-made clothes, there still seemed to be a great deal of demand for fine foreign fabric and “Yankee notions”. A cab driver was getting $8 for a four block trip.

From the Richmond Daily Dispatch August 24, 1863:

Envelope addressed to Brig. Gen'l. D. Ruggles, Richmond, Virginia; postmarked Augusta, Georgia (between 1861 and 1865; LOC: LC-DIG-ppmsca-33542)

to be delivered in Richmond

Local Matters.

Work resumed at the City Post-office.

–The difficulty at the City Post-Office has been satisfactorily adjusted, and yesterday the clerks resumed their positions and commenced the distribution of the mails, which have accumulated since Thursday last.–The office will be re-opened this morning and the mails be delivered as usual. …

Home Manufactures

are far more becoming Southern ladies and men in these war times than the Yankee gew-gaws which decorate the former and the costly trash worn by the latter. We have seen within the past few days several ladies dressed in domestic goods, including bonnets and shoes, which the wearers had made themselves. Though not so fine of texture as similar articles worn before the war, they were far more becoming to the wearers than silks would have been, and showed a spirit of patriotic independence which deserves emulation. Ladies can do a great deal towards making the South independent, and they should do it. …

Extravagance.

–A merchant, who has been doing a large business during the war, gives it as his opinion that the ladies are more extravagant in their dressing now than at any former time within his experience. Regardless of cost, they buy the finest foreign fabrics to be had, often paying as much as four or five hundred dollars for a single dress. As long as this recklessness is persisted in, we may expect nothing but a redundancy of currency, poverty, and misery.

Friday

was generally observed throughout this city as a day of humiliation and prayer. At an early hour of the morning all the business houses were closed. The various churches were opened for divine service, and the people generally attended worship.–Some of the ministers were deservedly severe on extortioners, and money worshippers, to which their congregations said, Amen! …

Daniel Ruggles (no date recorded on caption card; LOC: LC-USZ62-80742)

Daniel Ruggles

Resigned.

–Brig. Gen. Roger A. Pryor has resigned his commission, and gone into the 13th Virginia cavalry as a private.

Blockaders continue to work by the pickets of both armies and effect an entrance into this city, where they sell their trinkets and Yankee notions at fabulous prices. Until the traffic in Yankee notions can be broken up, we may expect to have spies in the South.

Extortion of hackmen.

–The extortion of hackmen in this city is becoming insufferable. We yesterday evening saw a case in which a driver charged a gentleman $8 for driving him and one or two ladies four squares from a depot.

The ten cent blue Jefferson Davis stamp (playing Caesar?) was issued in 1863. The addressee on the envelope, General Daniel Ruggles, performed mostly administrative duties for the CSA from the latter part of 1862.

Julius Caesar coin with Venus

Julius Caesar coin with Venus

The image of the Roman coin from 44 B.C. is licensed by Creative Commons

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one not enough?

Posted on August 23, 2013 by SUMPTER

The following stereograph of Richmond’s Libby Prison was taken 150 years ago today:

Old "Libby Prison" building, Richmond, Va. (1863 August 23; LOC: LC-DIG-stereo-1s02434)

Libby Prison August 23, 1863

The Library of Congress also shows the back of the card with its statement of authenticity:

Old "Libby Prison" building, Richmond, Va. (1863 August 23; LOC: LC-DIG-stereo-2s02434)

vouchers

You can see a photograph of Libby’s commandant, Thomas P. Turner at Civil War Richmond. The Libby article at Encyclopedia Virginia points out that Thomas Turner was described by one prisoner as depraved, but Thomas was often confused with Richard Turner who was investigated in November 1865 by U.S. Secretary of War Edwin Stanton for “criminal treatment of prisoners”.

In this winter of 1863 Robert Knox Sneden map of Richmond’s prisons and Union soldier hospitals, Libby is correctly labelled as a prison for Union officers:

Plan of part of Richmond, Virginia : showing locations of Rebel prisons [in] winter of 1863. (by Robert Knox Sneden; LOC: vhs01 vhs00025 http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.ndlpcoop/gvhs01.vhs00025)

Union officers exclusively housed at Libby after Seven Days’ Battles (Encyclopedia Virginia)

Libby also served as the processing center for enlisted men as could be inferred from this article in the Richmond Daily Dispatch on August 24, 1863:

Prison Record.

–Since our last report the following prisoners have been received at the Libby, viz: Capt J. A. Arthur and 2d Lieut. D. R. Lock, 8th Kentucky cavalry, and thirteen privates from Knoxville, Tenn; twenty-three from Atlanta, captured on Black river, Miss; thirteen from Wilmington, N. C.–they were part of the crew of the shipgunboat
Nephon; five from Wytheville; one from Fredericksburg, captured at United States ford; five from Staunton, captured in Jackson county, and six from Gordonsville, captured at Thoroughfare Gap, by Captain Moler, of the 7th Virginia cavalry, on the 12th inst.

The Encyclopedia Virginia says that Libby prisoners “were plagued by overcrowding, disease, and hunger, with conditions worsening beginning at the end of 1862, when prisoner exchanges between the Union and Confederate armies slowed and sometimes halted.”

Well, at least two Libby’s might have eased the overcrowding

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blame game

Posted on August 22, 2013 by SUMPTER

From The New-York Times August 22, 1863:

The War and Its Originators.

The difficulties of writing history could hardly be better exemplified than by a comparison of the versions of the origin of the war, given by Mr. DONNELL, the Speaker of the North Carolina House of Commons, and published in our columns on Wednesday, and that which is daily put forward by the rebel sympathizers at the North. According to Mr. DONNELL, who had personal cognizance of most of the steps taken “to precipitate the South into revolution,” the secession movement was due to a determination of certain Southern leaders that the South should be independent at any cost, grievance or no grievance; that they tried to convert the tariff into a pretext for separation, and, failing, fixed on Slavery as “the only question on which the South is likely to unite;” that they then agitated and intrigued in such manner as to make Mr. LINCOLN’s election a certainty; and as soon as he was elected, dragged the Southern people into a revolution upon a series of pretences, which the progress of events have all proved false, and foremost among them was the depreciation of Northern courage and tenacity. He denies, from first to last, that the North had any share in bringing about the war, beyond the fact that it existed and furnished something to separate from, and something to fight with.

The Copperhead version of the matter is, however, that the revolution was planned by HORACE GREELEY, HENRY WARD BEECHER, WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON, WENDELL PHILLIPS, and a few other lecturers and editors of country newspapers; that these people found YANCEY, TOOMBS, DAVIS and WISE, et hoc genus omne, peaceably reposing on their plantations, intent upon growing cotton and leading a quiet life, and occasionally enlightening the country by a speech; that they proceeded willfully to goad these good men to madness by discourses on Slavery delivered in New-England, and articles upon it written in New-York, and which nobody in the South ever read or dared to read; and that, after long and patient endurance of the infliction, these gentlemen called their countrymen to arms, as the only mode of deliverance.

Happily, the historian will not have much difficulty in choosing between the two stories. The causes assigned by Mr. DONNELL are natural and ordinary ones; those assigned by the SEYMOURS and TILDEN, are novel, strange and extraordinary. The rebellion has been brought about, either by substantial grievances or else through the machinations of designing or ambitious demagogues. No political revolution has ever yet been caused in one community by articles and speeches published in another, even if they were read by the malcontents. The idea is absurd and ridiculous on the face of it; doubly so when, as in this case, the lucubrations which are generally assigned as the cause of all our woes, never circulated among those whom they are alleged to have goaded to madness; when no Southerner would have them in his possession, or know anything whatever of their tenor, except what he learned from the bunkum harrangues of his own agitators. How many men at the South, we should like to know, had ever heard or read an abolitionist lecture for twenty years before this war broke out? …

I doubt if the causes of the war were quite so black and white.

The July 16, 1863 letter to the editor of the Raleigh Standard from “A Southern Man” was attributedRichard Spaight Donnell. You can read it here

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post office resignations

Posted on August 21, 2013 by SUMPTER
Envelope addressed to Genl. Henry A. Wise, Roanoke Island, N. Carolina (between 1861 and 1865; LOC: LC-DIG-ppmsca-33547)

worked in 1862

From the Richmond Daily Dispatch August 21, 1863:

Postal communication Stopped.

–Resignation of the Clerks in the City Post-Office. –Yesterday evening the clerks in the City Post-Office resigned in a body, and the business of that office has come to a dead lock. This is a serious affair, both to the citizens and Government, and we have taken the trouble to inquire into the facts of the case. There are employed in the City Post Office an assistant postmaster at $1,500 per annum, a chief clerk at $1,400, two box clerks at $1,000, two distributing clerks at $900, and twenty-three clerks at $400 M — or, in other words, twenty-three men who are to pay their coating, clothing, lodging, and washing bills out of a sum which is not equal to seventy dollars before the war. Of course these employees could not live — could not even get food for such a sum — and they applied to the Post-master General for an increase. This increase that official said he could not give unless Congress voted it, and the clerks, therefore, resigned last night, and were paid off. These clerks who ask this increase are men who work hard, day and night, seven days in the week, and are as much entitled to $1,500 per annum, we should think, as the clerks in the other departments, who work, on an average, from two to seven hours a day six days in the week. Of the justice of this demand, however, we need not speak, as we believe it is not disputed.

We don’t suppose any reasonable man has a doubt that this general abandonment of the post- office can be prevented, and all the confusion consequent upon it averted, if the Government (of which Mr. Reagun [Postmaster General John Henninger Reagan] is not the head) will allow the clerks the increase asked, and which is positively necessary to their support, and no one doubts that Congress would appropriate the amount it brought [ in in ] the deficiency bill, and legalize the rise in their salaries. Extraordinary expenses are no new occurrences in Governments generally, nor in this one, and a little common sense can very easily adjust, this difficulty in the Post-Office Department.

Price level in the Confederacy during the American Civil War. Based on Lerner (1956), Journal of Political Economy.

“everything else has gone up to enormous rates”

Earlier in the week it had been reported that the postal clerks had not had any wage increase since the start of the war. From the Richmond Daily Dispatch August 17, 1863:

Ferment in the city Post-Office.

–We understand the clerks employed in the city Post-Office have held a meeting to set forth their grievances in a series of resolutions, passed nem con, expressive of their indignation in regard to the course the Postmaster-General has pursued towards them, individually and collectively, in his passive indifference to their frequent appeals for an increase of salary. Since the commencement of the war their salaries have not been advanced one cent, while everything else has gone up to enormous rates. Their present salaries, excepting that of the chief clerk, range from fifty to seventy-five dollars a month, while their board bills amount to ninety and one hundred dollars per month! And then their labor is of the most onerous kind, working twelve hours per diem, Sundays and week days.

There seems to be a discrepancy in the reported clerk wages between the two articles. Ex-governor and Confederate General Henry A. Wise commanded the Confederate troops during the 1862 Battle of Roanoke Island. It is written that “nem con” is a contraction of a New Latin meaning “no one contradicting”.

According to the October 1863 Stranger’s Guide the Richmond General Post Office was located on the corner of Bank and 11th Street. You can view that intersection after the 1865 devastation at Richmond Then and Now.

The inflation graph is published at Wikipedia.

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Gorilla Gone from Gotham

Posted on August 20, 2013 by SUMPTER

150 years ago yesterday the draft resumed peaceably in New York City. Army, militia, and police forces were present in large if unostentatious numbers. A reorter found “no less than seven huge columbiads on trucks in the depot of the New-Jersey Central Railroad, as though they had just been brought from the interior.” The names were drawn by a certified blind man who also had a bandana covering his eyes – just to make sure. All 1100 names drawn were listed in this article from The New-York Times August 20, 1863:

new-york-draft (Harper's Weekly September 5, 1863

“RESUMPTION OF THE DRAFT—OUTSIDE THE PROVOST MARSHAL’S OFFICE, SIXTH DISTRICT—THE CROWD CHEERS. “

THE DRAFT.; Proceedings Yesterday in the Ninth Ward. No Attempt at Disturbance. The Names of the Drafted. Scenes and Incidents Inside and Outside.

In conformity with the notice given in the TIMES the renewal of the Draft was commenced yesterday morning, at 10 o’clock. It was generally known in the community that the National, State and Municpal authorities had made every possible preparation which could insure quiet and order, and prevent disturbance of any nature. Nevertheless, in consequence of the deep interest felt in the procedure by every man, woman and child in the City, a grea excitement was evidently pervading the people, and an anxiety in no degree feigned rested upon every mind. The Provost-Marshal-General, with admirable sagacity, selected the quiet Sixth District in which to commence the renewal, a District which is noted for its good order. At an early hour the Sixth-avenue, in the immediate neighborhood of Capt. FARR’s Headquarters, was crowded with people of every grade of life. All sorts and conditions of men were there, and although perfect order reigned, arguments pro and con the Draft were liberally entered into.

HEADQUARTERS.

The Headquarters are situated at No. 185 Sixth-avenue, and occupy the whole of the building, with the exception of the ground floor, The second floor is used as a series of offices for the Provost-marshal and Assistants, while the remainder of the building is used temporarily as barracks for the Guards. In front of the office waves the Star Spangled Banner while from the windows, depend in graceful festoons and patriotic drapery.

The room in which the drawing took place is large and airy, admirably adapted to the purpose. One-third of it is used by the officers and reporters, the rest, which is railed off by a stout wooden fence, being occupied by those who desire to witness the proceedings and “tremble while they hear.”

Upon a central table is placed the wheel of destiny, while at several adjacent tables and desks are placed seats for the official recorders.

All about the outside doorway were gathered great crowds of people; also a strong detachment of the Metropolitan Police, who looked as if they were ready and willing to add another chapter to “their honorable record.” Through the line of policemen no one was permitted to pass after the room up-stairs was filled. The stairway, the corridors, the various approaches to the room were filled with restless, anxious unable-to-see individuals, who continually stepped on each others’ toes, punched each others’ ribs and wasted each others’ patience. …

The military were prudently kept from sig[h]t, and passed their time monotously in the rooms above waiting for something to turn up; but they waited in vain.

At a little after 10 o’clock, Capt. FARR, accompanied by a blind man, whose altitude cannot vary much from seven feet, promenaded the office, after which the blind man took the oath and signed his name to the official declaration of support to the Government. Capt. FARR then announced that all things were ready, and that the “proceedings would now begin.”

THE DRAFTING.

The order from President LINCOLN was read, which, among other items, specifies the quota from the Sixth District to be, by Wards, as follows: First Sub-District, (Ninth Ward,) 1,100; Second Sub-District, (Fifteenth Ward,) 794; Third Sub-District, (Sixteenth Ward.) 1,181, which number includes the 50 per cent, additional to offset the anticipated exemptions.

Upon the table were placed several boxes containing the ballots, each one of which was enveloped in as India rubber band. These were counted, under the supervision of Alderman CHIPP, J.W. BOOTH, Esq., and JOSEPH D. BALDWIN, Esq., by Messrs. W.L. STEPHEN and CHARLES OAKLEY. It was announced by Alderman CHIPP that the number of ballots put in the boxes was 7,708, but the number-as counted showed but 7,698.

draft Harper's Weekly 9-5-1863

“RESUMPTION OF THE DRAFT—INSIDE THE PROVOST MARSHAL’S OFFICE, SIXTH DISTRICT—THE WHEEL GOES ROUND. “

The draft was next in order, and Commissione LAMONT announced that he would turn the wheel, the blind man CONKLIN BISHOP would draw the ballots, and Mr. SAMUEL F. SLEIGHT would read the names. The best of order and of good nature reigned throughout the room, and when the blind man was rendered entirely safe by means of a red and white bandanna, which was closely bound about his temples, the jocularity approached the tumultuous, and it was deemed proper by the ever active Policemen to suggest quiet. The wheel revolved, the blind man groped, the reader announced, and WILLIAM R. BIRDSALL was a conscript. Hearty guffaws and boisterous cheers followed the reading of the name, and various salutations greeted the recipient of Uncle Sam’s attention, so much so in fact that Capt. FARR mounted the table and informed the people that if that sort of thing continued he would be under the painful necessity of clearing the room; after which there was order for several minutes, and the drafting went on.

During the day no incident worthy of note occurred; everything was well done and passed off decently and in order. …

As name after name was announced to the multitude on the avenue, the comments were many and various, most of them, however, hilarious and good-humored. The undrafted had their fun out of the “elect” whom they intimately knew or even recognized. Very frequently, however, the biter was bitten, for just as some dry wit among the multitude had rallied his neighbor, inquiring whether, “now that he was one of Uncle ABE’s heroes, he would speak to common people any more,” his own title and cognomen would be bandied forth with a shout, and the “funny fellow” sneak off with an altered countenance to remedy one draft with another in perhaps both senses of the word. …

The Police were, as usual, on their beats, and seemed to be perfectly cool and secure, while it was evident to the experienced eye that the secret branch of their service was in full activity on all sides, carefully noting the popular undertow, and scenting out the faintest aroma of treason. As the day wore on, and no ticsin startled the town from its propriety, as commerce went its way undisturbed, and even the sensation bulletin boards looked dull and sleepy, everybody came to the conclusion that the hydra-headed monster of revolt was this time completely cowed, and finding “discretion the better part of valor,” did not dare to lift his front or even “mildly as a sucking dove.”

With night came the complete assurance of tranquility, and the draft in New-York was safely born. At midnight the only remonstrance heard in the streets was the last mournful cry of the vendors of “hot corn.” …

The two images were published in the September 5, 1863 ofHarper’s Weekly at Son of the South. Here’s a paragraph from the report in Harper’s that notes the changed demeanor on the streets:

Nothing could be more striking than the contrast between the city as it raved upon the four black days of July and as it smiled during the 19th day of August and the subsequent days of the resumed draft. Men who were gorillas when the black days were upon us, appeared, by comparison, to have become converted into very affable gentlemen. If you walked the highways and by-ways of the city on the morning of Wednesday, the 19th of August, it was at no peril of life or limb, as it most certainly would have been on Wednesday, the 15th of July. The gorilla appeared to have gone out of town. The swift and even-handed justice that has lately presided over affairs in the Recorder’s Court had certainly some little influence in bringing about this reform. So had the suggestive howitzer.

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