Fighting It Out In the Old Dominion

Virginia map at LOC

Old Dominion, real Old Dominion

From the Richmond Daily Dispatch May 16, 1862:

Virginia not to be surrendered.

Two gratifying papers were communicated to the Virginia Legislature yesterday — a Message from Governor Letcher, and a communication from the President of the Confederacy, giving the assurance that the army will not leave Virginia until every means has been exhausted in her defence.– The language of the President is clear and phatia [?].

We are proud of the spirit of our Governments, Confederate and State, relative to this question of holding and defending this State to the last. The army will not abandon the red soll [soli] of Virginia. That has been made the battle-ground, and on that must the enemy establish his superiority in fair fight before it will be abandoned to him. The evacuation of the see-coast positions and cities became a necessity. There was no avoiding it, in consequence of the immense advantage enjoyed by the enemy in his possession of the entire Navy of the United States, and the material and mechanical skill for the rapid construction of iron-clad gunboats, while we had neither a Navy, nor the material and the mechanical force, to enable us to compete with him in any sense. It is true, we had the Virginia; but, besides her, nothing. Her destruction, and the questions it involves, suggests matters of debate which afford neither satisfaction nor benefit now to discuss. Our inability to meet the enemy on the water, as a general question, was clear and indisputable, and the withdrawal from the sea unavoidable.

Second to Virginia is the defence of this city, for manifold reasons, and it is in keeping with the general purpose of both Governments that they should resolve to the uttermost to defend Richmond. All the means in the power of the State and the Confederacy are pledged to this, and we may be assured that the enemy will not be allowed to gratify the prominent desire of his heart, to hector and domineer over the inhabitants of this far-famed and beautiful town, until every means is exhausted.

The President nobly takes the stand, that though Richmond should fall, there are a plenty of battle-fields yet in Virginia to fight for the cause for twenty years! The sentiment is as truthful as patriotic. The Confederate Government assures us that the Old Dominion is not to be given up. God forbid that it should! It would be giving up much more than Virginia. The cause would be, indeed, itself well nigh surrendered in that event. The Government is not only just, but wise, in its determination to stand by Virginia to the last.

From the same issue:

[written for the Richmond Dispatch]
Sing not to me of hearts that Thrill
by George Whitte.

Sing not to me of hearts that thrill
To Love’s melodious alone,
That drown themselves in Passion’s wine,
And dream the world is all their own;
These — these are not the ones that write
Their names on History’s deathless page.
And give to far posterity
The gloried of (a crimson) age.
But sing to me of hearts, that while
They fender cling to those they love,
Can turn them from the lov’d one’s smile,
And in the eagle hide the dove;
Of hearts that in their country’s need
Will wait not for its stricken wail;
But, at its first proud, clarion call,
Gird on their trusty battle mail.
These — these are the heroic souls–
Shall cling unto this age sublime–
Whose names, a grateful, rescued land
Will grave upon the shaft of Time!
Yes! sing to me of hearts that dare
The “velleity thunder.” of the field–
That battling bravely, dare to die–
That dare to do all things but — yield!
Lynchburg, Va.,May 11, 1862.

Lynchburg Rifles, J. Ray, Co. E, Va. Regt., Lynchburg, Va., 11th Infantry (between 1861 and 1865; LOC: LC-DIG-ppmsca-32488)

Hiding the dove in the eagle

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Valor in Defeat

John Mackie Cpl John F. Mackie aboard the USS Galena, where he earned his Medal of Honor at the Battle of Drewry's Bluff.

Aiming at the Confederate rifle pits onshore

150 years ago today a Union flotilla, advancing up the James River to assault Richmond, was repulsed by the Confederates at Drewry’s Bluff. The USS Galena absorbed the brunt of the rebel fire. Marine corporal John Freeman Mackie, onboard the Galena, became the first marine awarded the Medal of Honor for his bravery during the battle. According to the US Army Center of Military History:

Citation: On board the U.S.S. Calena [Galena] in the attack on Fort Darling at Drewry’s Bluff, James River, on 15 May 1862. As enemy shellfire raked the deck of his ship, Corporal Mackie fearlessly maintained his musket fire against the rifle pits along the shore and, when ordered to fill vacancies at guns caused by men wounded and killed in action, manned the weapon with skill and courage.

You can also read Mackie’s bio at United States Marine Corps History Division, where it is said that Mackie took it upon himself to take over the heavy guns when the crews were incapacitated.

John F. Mackie

Well-deserved decorations

James River, Va. Effect of Confederate shot on Federal Ironclad GALENA (1862; LOC: LC-DIG-cwpbh-00826)

Galena after the battle

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Big Bad Bronze John

Wall tombs of the old St. Louis Cemetery, New Orleans (between 1920 and 1926; LOC: LC-G391-T-0995)

Wall tombs in St. Louis Cemetery, New Orleans c.1925

The “intolerant” Yankees are occupying New Orleans just in time for Yellow Fever season; what’s more they are putting a hospital right in a heavily populated section of the city.

From the Richmond Daily Dispatch May 14, 1862:

Advance of “Bronze John.”

The Yankee invaders are taking possession of buildings in the most populous parts of New Orleans for the purpose of establishing hospitals therein; and the papers of the city very properly protest against the proceeding. The Evans House, on Poyuras street, is thus occupied, and the Picayune says:

As to the unsuitableness of the buiding for that purpose, we have nothing to say. That is their concern, not outs. We do say, however, that the location of a military hospital on one of our leading business thoroughfares, and in the heart of the city, is very indudicious and reprehensible. It is fraught with danger, and ought to be at once abandoned. We speak plainly because we are just entering on the summer and our unhealthy season, and it is our duty at all times to protest against any measure that is calculated to jeopardize the health of the city. More especially is this duty not to be disregarded now that thousands of unacclimated persons have been thrust upon us. All the precautions which wisdom and experience have suggested have not hitherto prevented the almost annual visits of the devastating scourge of our sunny clime, and there is, in our present condition, very great reason to fear that the summer of 1862 will be frightfully memorable for the ravages of the yellow fever in New Orleans. In so former year has there been here so much food for the terrible pastilence, and we shudder when the probability of its outbreak is forced upon our attention by what we see around us. Already the effect of the climate on the strangers within our gates is apparent to every observer, and we know not at what moment the fearful harvest of death may commence.

It is not only our duty to protest against any proceeding that has a tendency to endanger the health of our fair city, but it is the duty of the dominant military authority here to be especially careful to avoid the necessity for such protest by well considered judicious sanitary regulations. The establishment of a hospital on Poydras street, between Camp and Magezene streets, a certainly not a measure calculated to give confidence to those who, by sad experience, know the critical position in which we stand at this moment, or to calm the fears of the timid and unaccilmated.

There is a lot of information about “Bronze John . . . Yellow Jack . . . the Saffron Scourge” at Haunted New Orleans Tours. The deadliest year was in 1853, when the first victim was a newly arrived Irishman – that would explain why the Picayune was so concerned about putting sick, “unaccilmated” northerners in the middle of the city. It was not until 1881 when it was first hypothesized that Yellow fever might be caused by mosquitos.

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“with a yell that made the woods ring”

Map of country between Yorktown and Williamsbu[rg] in Virginia by Robert Knox Sneden (LOC: gvhs01 vhs00018 http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.ndlpcoop/gvhs01.vhs00018 )

33rd moves from Yorktown to Willimasburg

150 years ago this week members of the 33rd New York Infantry Regiment were still writing letters home about May 5th’s Battle of Williamsburg.

Here’s a couple letters published in a Seneca County, New York newspaper from 1862:

Letter from Lieut. Guion.

WILLIAMSBURG, Va., May 8, 1862

The first great battle of the Peninsula is over, and, thank God, victory rests on the banners of the army of the Union. Commencing at Yorktown on Friday, the conflict raged furiously along the lines until Saturday night, when our troops commenced crossing the Warwick River. Early on Saturday [Sunday?] morning our division crossed; and driving the enemy before us from one line of fortifications to another on rolled the army of the Union, on to Richmond. – On Monday morning the enemy rallied in great force near Williamsburg, on a line of fortifications which they deemed impregnable. We had been swerving clear around to our right, near Yorktown, and about noon the enemy succeeded in forcing back our troops upon the left. Now the battle raged terribly. The slaughter on both sides was terrible. For several hours the whole force of the rebel army were thrown upon our left, and slowly our brave troops were driven back. Nobly did they contest every inch of ground, but still the enemy was gaining every moment; when suddenly our division, which had marched at a quick step full fifteen miles through rain and mud, without a halt, opened upon the enemy’s lines, between Williamsburg and the York River, and soon occupied two of their forts. Their whole attention was now turned upon us, and the battle on the left almost closed, as the foe wheeled his huge battalions around to meet us. – Down come their whole power upon us, and the roaring of the artillery, and the rattling of the rifles, was almost deafening. About five o’clock their artillery crossed, and soon their immense force was seen sweeping down upon us like a huge wave, threatening to engulph our comparatively little band. On, On, on they came, regiment after regiment, their long lines stretching far on either side. “For Heavens’ sake stand firm, my men,” cried Col. TAYLOR, as he came riding along the lines, ” everything depends upon you,” and steadily our men awaited the shock, with bayonets fixed, resolved to stand or die, but never to show their backs to the foe. On, on they came. Only a few hundred feet separated the hostile armies, when suddenly with a shout that sounded far above the roar of our artillery, the 33d rushed forward to meet the advancing foe. When that shout went up the enemy halted, and as the 33d came, charging right in upon their very centre, the enemy turned, broke and fled,and the day was one.The shout of victory now rang all along our lines. Once more the troops upon the left rallied to the charge and the victory was complete. Night closed upon the broken, flying legions of the enemy, and the battle of Williamsburg was won.

Battle of Williamsburg (c1863 by Alonzo Chappel; LOC: LC-USZ62-92942)

Battle of Williamsburg

Strange as it may seem, although the 33d dashed right in upon the enemy’s centre, and killed and wounded nearly 300 men and took 200 prisoners, we lost but 50 men in all, and very few of these were killed.

To day Gen. MCCLELLAN has been up to see us. He addressed the regiment, and thanked us for gaining the victory, and ordered that “Williamsburg” should be inscribed upon our banner. This is the proudest day of our lives. You should have seen him as he spoke to us. The words of that glorious man have more than repaid us for all the privations we have suffered. The boys fairly cried for joy, as they stood with heads uncovered while he addressed them, and it seemed as if they never could stop cheering him.

The battle-field was an awful sight yesterday. The dead and wounded lay strewed around for miles, and all day long we were busy bearying the dead, and bringing in the wounded rebels. It was a sorrowful task, but I thank God that it was not our bodies that were being thus disposed of.

Our troops are again advancing. When next we shall meet the foe we know not, but whenever it may be, the 33d will be ready for the fight.

Yours, J.M.G.

John M. Guion from 33rd muster rolls

Lieutenant Guion's bio with the 33rd

_____________________________________________

The Battle of Williamsburg, Va. May 5th 1862 (Currier & Ives, 1862; LC-DIG-pga-00615)LOC:

A different Yankee bayonet charge?

From the Thirty-Third.

DEAR WIFE:

I have received your letter and was very glad to hear from you. I suppose you have by this time received my letter informing you of the fight we had. It was a “right smart one.” We have got the name of the place inscribed on our flag. – There are two other regiments who claimed the honor of the victory. But they could not “come it.” It happened that Gen. MCCLELLAN was on the opposite side of the field, looking at us, himself, through a glass. So you see they did not make much out of their claim. He praised us up “big.” He said in our presence that we saved his whole army. It seems like a big thing that three companies should save a whole Division from being cut to pieces. There were eight regiments charging down upon us. As they came on we fell back behind a rise of ground which hid us from them. When they got pretty near the rise, we were ordered to fix bayonets, which we did in pretty quick time, (we knew what was coming.) Then the order was given to charge – we did so with a yell that made the woods ring. As soon as we gave the yell their ranks were broken and they commenced running every way, and we pouring the lead into them. There were about sixty killed in that one charge. – There was but one in our company wounded – that was ALFORD. He was wounded in the hand. There were five in the three companies wounded. I guess the Rebels won’t say anything more about Bull Run. Our cavalry pursued them for several miles and cut them all to pieces

Battle of Williamsburg - Hancock's Brigade charges (Alfred R. Waud - Harper's Weekly May 24, 1862)

Hancock's Brigade charges in the rain

The road is filled with dead horses, and broken wagons and guns, and our crvalry have taken about all their cannon. *** As we march along the “contrabands” come out to see us. They say when the rebels passed some were bare-footed, and some were crying. A good many of their wounded have since died. Some of the prisoners said that they were taken,after they found out we did not kill them. They have been made to believe that we killed them as fast as we took them. ****

I heard that the Herald gave the 43d regiment the credit of making that charge. I suppose it was a mistake of the printer, as there was no 43d regiment there.

From your affectionate husband,

HENRY BELLOWS.

Henry Bellows NY 33rd

Sgt. Bellows, NY 33rd

It wasn’t just the Herald. Harper’s Weekly said that all the Union regiment’s did well but the Fifth Wisconsin and Forty-third New York really stood out.

The story of the Thirty-third N.Y.S. vols.; or, two years campaigning in Virginia and Maryland by David W. Judd (pages 88-89) gives credit to those three companies of the 33rd for inspiring Hancock’s brigade to make its charge. The author also includes General McClellan’s words to the men of the 33rd on May 7th:

A view in Williamsburg, Va. (1862 by William McIlvaine; LOC: LC-DIG-ppmsca-20005)

Irrepressible Union wagon train rolls through the streets of Williamsburg

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“Teeth extracted by Electricity, without pain.”

Oh! What a tooth (c1890; LOC: LC-USZ62-68282)

Getting at the root of the problem? circa 1890

From the Richmond Daily Dispatch May 12, 1862:

Artificial Teeth–the Cheoplastic and Vulcanite Process.

–G. W. Jones, Dentist, having the right for the above mode of making Teeth, and being satisfied of its absolute superiority over all other methods, can with confidence commended to those desiring full or partial sets of teeth, and especially such as may be dissatisfied with those they are now using. The perfect adaptation of the plate to the mouth, and the auction thereby secured, enables him to insert one or more teeth without clamps. This method having been adopted by those standing highest in the profession, North and South, testimonials will be given and specimens exhibited to those wishing to see them.–Sets of Teeth, on gold or any other plate, will, of course, be made for those preferring them. Filling, Cleaning, Extracting, and all other operations, gently and thoroughly performed. Teeth extracted by Electricity, without pain.

Office on Main street, opposite Corinthian Hall.

You can read about Vulcanite dentures (and see an example) at The British Dental Association. Thank the Goodyear brothers.
_____________________________________________

Five celebrated clowns attached to Sands, Nathans Co's Circus (Morse, M'Kenney & Company, 1856; LOC: LC-USZC4-922)

Clownin' around 156 years ago

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Truly a Public Servant

Virginia County boundaries based on a 1770 map (LOC: Call Number: G3880 1770 .H4 Vault. Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division)

Chesterfield County - Number 12

Let the old and infirm legislate

From the Richmond Daily Dispatch May 10, 1862:

To the people of Chesterfield county.

–On yesterday I resigned my seat as your Representative in the House of Delegates of Virginia. In thus disposing of the honorable position to which your partiality and confidence assigned me, I have not been unmindful of your interest — Your cause in another sphere needs all the aid you can afford. I find that my duties in the army conflict with duties in the Legislature. I do not hesitate, therefore, to last [leave] the Legislature to take undivided part in the great drama that is being enacted around us for the support of which we have pledged our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. You have men whose years and physical condition forbid them the field, and whose capacities befit them for civil life.

I am, very truly,

Your fellow-citizen,

Chas. T. Friend

There is evidence here that Mr. Friend stuck to his guns. As it turns out, Drewry’s Bluff is in Chesterfield County.

Drewry's_Bluff_view_downriver by Hal Jespersen june 2009

From Drewry's Bluff on the James

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Bombastes Furioso Butler

Genl Butler holding the mob in check at New Orleans (ca. 1896 by Charles Stanley Reinhart; LOC: LC-USZ62-130292)

'gross, vulgar tool of Yankee tyranny'

The gradual, persistent constriction of Anaconda: the Yankees and General Butler have control of New Orleans 150 years ago now. The Dispatch calls names. How can that
“oleaginous carcass” be running the South’s largest city?
From the Richmond Daily Dispatch May 9, 1862:

General Butler.

Bombastes Furioso and his myrmidons are now in possession of New Orleans, and if anything could add to our sympathy with the generous and warm-hearted people of that city, it is that such a specimen of Yankeedom should be their Military Governor. A more polished and chivalric population cannot be found on this continent, and every instinct of their natures must revolt at the gross, vulgar tool of Yankee tyranny who is now lordling it over a community who have never before seen such a being outside the guard-house. It was had enough that they should be given over without a blow to the hands of the enemy, that their fortifications should be abandoned and blown up, their army taken, away, and their own private arms taken with them; but that B. F. Butler should be put in command of the forsaken city, is the last drop in the bitter cup of humiliation and shame.–Of all the Yankee Generals, he has the least pretensions to the qualities of the soldier and the gentleman. A verier humbug, in a military point of view, was never created. The battle of Bethel, at which he took good care not to be present, is the only battle with which he ever had the most remote connection. He never so much as landed at Hatteras till the guns of the shipping had silenced the fire of the fortifications, and he is not heard of at New Orleans till the gunboats have achieved their bloodless victory. He is now in his element, sporting laurels which do not belong to him — an ass in a lion’s skin. We predict that General Butler will leave before the weather becomes excessively warm. His oleaginous carcass will evaporate speedily before the burning sun. The yellow fever will, before long, put an end in one way or another to the dominion of Bombastes, and open batteries upon his forces generally which can neither be resisted by power nor paralyzed by treason. If McClellan’s forces are already seriously affected by our comparatively salubrious swamps in Virginia, what must become of those who have undertaken to “hold, occupy and possess” the death breeding waters of the Mississippi?

Bombastes Furioso was written in 1810 and subtitled A Burlesque Tragic Opera. Bombastes was a general who went mad.

Bluebeard of New Orleans (1862; LOC: LC-DIG-ds-00287)

no soldier, no gentleman

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Baton Rouge Surrenders to Iroquois

James S Palmer

From Ship's Boy to Rear Admiral (in 1866)

With Ben Butler in charge at New Orleans the Union fleet moved up the Mississippi. 150 years ago today Baton Rouge, the Louisiana state capital, surrendered to James Shedden Palmer, commanding the USS Iroquois:

After the great victory [New Orleans] Iroquois advanced up the river with Farragut, with the aim of eventually joining Flag Officer Foote, who was driving southward. A landing party was sent ashore at Baton Rouge 8 May 1862 and Comdr. Palmer received the surrender of the Louisiana capital that day. Iroquois, along with Oneida, also took possession of Natchez 13 May as the fleet moved steadily toward the Southern stronghold at Vicksburg. Within a week they were below the city and preparing to pass the formidable batteries.

USS Iroquois 1859 (United States Navy Historical Center)

USS Iroquois

National-atlas-louisiana

'L' is for Louisiana

Coaling Admiral Farragut's fleet at Baton Rouge, Louisiana (1862?; LOC: LC-DIG-ppmsca-10906)

At Baton Rouge

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Good Business Model?

From the Richmond Daily Dispatch May 7, 1862:

Camp near Yorktown,
April 30, 1862.

Deserted — On the 26th inst., from the camp of the 19th regiment Virginia Volunteers, one Robert Byrnes, a private of Company K, same regiment. Said Byrnes was accepted as a substitute on the 25th inst.; says that he was born in Ireland, but has more the appearance of an English sailor; is about 5 feet11½ inches high, dark complexion, gray eyes, dark hair, and about 27 years old; has a considerable scar on the left side of his neck. All officers, civic and military, are earnestly requested to use every exertion to arrest this man. He is no doubt lurking about Richmond, probably endeavoring to hire himself again as a substitute — The usual reward will be paid upon his delivery to me here, or if he is lodged in any jail where I can get him.

Matthew Lyle,
Capt. commd’g Co. K. 18th Va. Reg’t. P. S.–Byrnes had with him naturalization papers of a very recent date; given him in Richmond. M. L. my 8–tw

Byrnes probably sees a good way to make some money by serving as a substitute for multiple Confederate citizens – but the “considerable” scar on his neck might be an issue for him.

Yorktown, Virginia. Exploded gun in Confederate battery (1862 June; LOC: LC-DIG-cwpb-01034)

After all the rebel soldiers left Yorktown

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Bedding Down with the Dead and Wounded

In the rain and mud

150 years ago today the Battle of Williamsburg was fought. Here’s how the lieutenant colonel of the 33rd New York wrote home about the regiment’s role in the fight. The 33rd was in Smith’s division of Keyes’ corps.

From a Seneca Falls, New York newspaper in 1862:

Letter from Lieut. Col. Corning

The Palmyra Courier of last week publishes the following letter from Lieut. Col. CORNING, of the gallant Thirty-Third, concerning the fight at Williamsburg on the 5th. inst. the letter will be read with interest by our readers:

FORT MCGRUDER, Va.
May 6th, 1862.

Yorktown, Va. Confederate fortifications reinforced with bales of cotton (1862 June; LOC: LC-DIG-cwpb-01604)

A Rebel fort at Yorktown after evacuation

***** We have had another hard fight through rain and mud, and, Southerners would say, a right smart fight. We engaged the enemy on the right flank, and after hours of hard fighting, drove them panic-stricken from the field. It gives me much pleasure to say that the Thirty-Third came out ahead of any Regiment engaged at this point. Three of our Companies were not engaged in this action, having been left in one of the rebel forts, as guard, about a quarter of a mile in the rear of the scene of action. Col. TAYLOR was with four companies, a little to the right and front, in the woods, as skirmishers. I had command of three other companies on the field, with the exception of some thirty men back on the road, guarding and helping our division train-wagons through. So you can see that the Thirty-Third was not in a very good condition to make a big fight;but for all that they did most nobly. The companies under my command stood the fire of the rebels well. The enemy came upon us rather unexpectedly, and our artillery were obliged to retire to secure a better position, as also two regiments of infantry. There was one regiment on our right that retired a short distance and halted. I brought my companies back a few rods, halted, came to the front and continued the fire. The regiment on our right fell back again, the enemy coming up at a double quick. They were now within 25 rods of us, when Col. TAYLOR came up, and after a brief consultation ordered our regiment to charge. The boys with terrific yells, rushed to the front, discharging their pieces with terrible effect, carrying terror and dismay to the opposing lines, resulting in the final discomfiture and defeat of the enemy.

The C. de Paris riding into Yorktown with the first clear account of affairs at Williamsburg (by Alfred R. Waud, 1862 May 5; LOC: LC-DIG-ppmsca-20388)

Count of Paris brings news of Williamsburg to Yorktown (and presumably General McClellan)

Night and drizzling rain were now upon us; but as the smoke lifted, we could see that the ground was thickly strewn with the rebel killed and wounded, presenting a ghastly and sickening sight. One Colonel, a Lieutenant Colonel, and a Major of the general staff, were among the killed. We took three captains, two Lieutenants, and 150 prisoners; from 60 to 70 killed, and many more wounded. The 33d took nearly all the prisoners. Our part of the fight was of short duration, but most gloriously done. Gen. MCCLELLAN sent his compliments to our regiment this morning, for the bravery and heroic conduct displayed on the occasion. We had one Captain and 28 men missing; 18 wounded, two of whom will most likely die. It appears almost remarkable that our regiment had so few casualties.

Battle of Williamsburg map (by Robert Knox Sneden; LOC: gvhs01 vhs00006 http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.ndlpcoop/gvhs01.vhs00006)

Battle by Sneden

***** But what a day and what a time to march and fight; every man wet to the skin, our clothes covered with mud throughout. Mud-mud-mud!- Even the field where the fight occurred was ankle-deep with mud. But night was upon us – a cold, dark, cheerless night. – Around us lay the dead and wounded – friend and foe, who had fallen fighting together. But wrapping our blankets around us to protect us from ceaseless rain, we lay down to obtain that rest which we all so much needed. To some it proved a long and tedious night, while others slept as calmly as though reposing on a bed of down. As for myself I did not expect to sleep, and was surprised when at last I fell into a short but undisturbed slumber. – Very few there were who did not joyfully hail the morning’s dawn. Few can realize what we have passed through during the past 48 hours; and yet to-day our men feel very cheerful. We have pitched our tents, and if we get a good night’s rest, we shall feel as good as new again. L.W.C.

Joseph W. Corning of the New York 33rd

Our correspondent

Yorktown, Virginia. Street view (1862; LOC: LC-DIG-cwpb-01610)

Looks like even streets in Yorktown could get real muddy

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