The Union = The Almighty Dollar

Our rattlesnake flag (Frank Leslie's illustrated newspaper, v. 12, no. 306 (1861 September 28), p. 320; LOC: LC-USZ62-133076)

Frank Leslie’s agreeing with the Dispatch?

From the Richmond Daily Dispatch November 4, 1862:

Deifying the Dollar.

The Union is only another name with the North for the Dollar. It is the Almighty Dollar which they worship, and the Union is only its [o]utward symbol and expression. We do not speak of the deluded masses, who have no doubt a highly intelligent notion that the United States of America are the chosen people of Heaven, and called into being for the express purpose of enlightening and regenerating the of [?] …The political and commercial leaders, however, understond the subject better. The Union with them means Cotton, Commerce, Manufacturer, Trade, S[u]gar, and Tobacco. That is the “glorious Union” they shout hosannahs to, and are endeavoring to preserve by the wholesale butchery of our people. Does any one suppose that, if “the Union” would not “pay,” they would ever take one feeble hurrah for it or that they would even permit it to exist? There is not a case of garroting in Richmond which swings from more mercenary motives than the wholesale garroting of the Southern people which the North is attempting in this war. With their deadly grip around the thr[o]at of their victim, these Federal garroters cry out, “All ha[i]l, the glorious Union!” And they express their amazement that the garroted are not equally in ecstacies with the operation.

Shameful extortion (Wood engraving in Southern Illustrated News, 1861-64; LOC: LC-USZ62-47207)

Cartoon showing African American examining yardgoods and saying to clerk, “What! Dollar and half fer dis ninepence caliker, an’ ole fashion at dat! Great King!”.

Well has the voice of Inspiration declared that “the love of money is the root of all evil.” In one or other of its multitudiuous forms, it is the prolific sour[ce] of national and individual crimes, and of most of the wars and bloodshed that have converted the earth at times into a hell. We are sorry to see within our own limits a spirit of greed and covetousness entirely foreign to the character of our people, and which is doing more to paralyze our struggles for independence than all the arms of our enemies. The speculators and extortioners in the South are likely to cause more distress and suffering than all the hordes of Yankeedom. We see no difference between them and the Yankees. Both are acting from the same love of money, and laboring for the same end. Those ravenous wretches who see[m] to convert the Temple of Liberty into a den of thieves, deserve to be scourged with a lash of scorpions from the s[a]cred precincts which they are def[y]ing and, as far as in them lies, bringing into contempt.

The cartoon of the black woman commenting about the extortionary prices was published in The Southern Illustrated News, which was published in Richmond from 1862-65 to be like a Confederate Harper’s Weekly. This particular link points out “eerie coincidences” in the December 5, 1863 issue.

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Just us and the Yankees

Napoleon III, head-and-shoulders portrait, facing left (between 1850 and 1873; LOC: LC-USZ62-131331)

Invisible until proven otherwise

Richmond Rhetoric: don’t have false confidence in foreign intervention

Recently The Civil War 150th Blog posted that in October 1862 France’s Napoleon III proposed that European powers intervene in the Civil War with diplomacy – getting both North and South to agree to an armistice and mediation. Here a Richmond editorial responds to the intervention rumors by saying, “Don’t count on it.” Its idea of “negotiations” seems to be to take a French and English fleet to New Orleans in order to string up Ben Butler. From the Richmond Daily Dispatch November 1, 1862:

The intervention rumors.

The rumors of an approaching proposition for an armistice and negotiations, alluded to by us yesterday, seem more plausible than any that have yet reached us. The New York Herald evidently thinks there is something in them, from the bitterness with which it assails the Express for publishing them. A strange state of society it must be in which a man cannot even state what he hears is going on in England without running the risk of being clapped into jail as a traitor. And this is the boasted Republic — this the “best Government the world ever saw” for not appreciating the merits of which the people of the Confederate States have been turned over to pillage and murder!

Gen. Ben Butler (between 1855 and 1865; LOC: LC-DIG-cwpbh-00896)

sticking his neck out in New Orleans

With regard to this subject the Enquirer does not seem to understand us. We are not of that class that entertain no hope. On the contrary, our hopes are as sanguine as it is possible for human hopes to be. There is a vast difference, however, between hope and false confidence. Our hope is in God and our own strength, and on these two exclusively. If foreign assistance come, we shall be as happy as the Enquirer to see it; but we wish not to be influenced in our action by any such expectation in the slightest degree. Our opinion is, that the Government should proceed precisely as though there were no other people on earth save ourselves and the Yankees. Let not the hope of foreign aid enter as an element into any calculation we may make, or any enterprise we may engage in. Let us act as Wellington said he meant to act after the shameful failure of the Spanish authorities to render him the proper assistance in the campaign of Talavers. “I will,” said he, “engage in no enterprise into which Spanish assistance enters as a portion of my means to prosecute it.” or words to that effect. And Wellington kept his resolution. If he thought himself able, with his English and Portuguese troops, to effect a particular object, he would undertake it; but if it was necessary to rely on the Spaniards as a portion of his force, he would abandon it. He kept them with him, but he expected nothing from them.

Voltaire blessing Franklin's grandson, in the name of God and Liberty by Pedro Americo c.1889

French Blessing

At the same time we are as much alive as anybody can be, to the immense advantage we should derive from the presence of an English and French fleet of Ironsides. Had we possessed such a fleet last summer, we could have captured McClellan and his thieves at Berkeley. Had we such an one this winter, we could take Butler and string him upon the spot he hung Mumford. We could destroy the Yankee fleet at Charleston and Mobile, and take all the scoundrels they are preparing to land there. It would, indeed, be of inestimable advantage to us. But as we have it not, let us not shape our course as though we had it. When in forming his combinations, Napoleon had not heard from a particular corps, he always acted as though it did not exist. Let us copy the example.

It looks like Voltaire blessed Franklin’s grandson in 1778.

_______________________________________

Ben Franklin 1877 (From a carbonic alloy engraving, drawn by C. N. Cochin 1777, engraved by A.H. Richie.)

Butler’s namesake was American Ambassador to France (1776-1785)

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Orator declines with just a paragraph

A laconic Edward Everett?

Edward Everett (ca. 1860; LOC: LC-DIG-pga-03322)

will ‘stand aloof’ to serve ‘holy cause’

From the Richmond Daily Dispatch November 1, 1862:

Edward Everett.

–Edward Everett having been requested to accept the Republican nomination in the Third Congressional District of Massachusetts, has replied in the following letter:

“Summer Street, Oct. 9, 1862.”

“My Dear Mr. Whiting:”

“I fear you will think I have too long delayed an answer to your most obliging communication. After giving to the subject the most anxious and respectful consideration, I have come to the conclusion that I can best serve the country and its holy cause by not going into Congress. I shall continue, to the best of my ability, to support the President, and to do everything in my power to promote the vigorous prosecution of the war. But I feel confident that what little influence I might otherwise have would be impaired by my becoming a candidate, especially at a moment when we are threatened with a new struggle of parties, from which I am determined to stand aloof.”

“I remain, my dear Mr. Whiting, with great regard sincerely yours,”

“Edward Everett.”

Politician, diplomat, professor, president of Harvard (1846-49), and famous orator, Edward Everett was strongly pro-Union, and after the war broke out, “He devoted his efforts to raising support for the Union cause through public speaking.” He had been John Bell’s running mate on the Constitutional Union Party ticket in 1860.

The Union, the Constitution and the enforcement of the laws. For President, John Bell of Tennessee. For Vice President, Edward Everett of Massachusetts (Published by W.H. Rease, Philadelphia, c1860; LOC: LC-USZ62-92282)

1860 VP candidate

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Mobilizing the base

The Republican Party going to the right House (by Louis Maurer, Published by Currier & Ives, 152 Nassau St. N.Y., c1860; LOC: LC-USZ62-1990)

when the trouble started

November 4, 1862 was election day in New York State. Here a Democrat-oriented newspaper is firing up its readers for the final few days of the campaign.

From a Seneca County, New York newspaper in 1862:

Onward! Right Onward!

FELLOW CITIZENS OF SENECA COUNTY! The contest is upon us. – The tide of events under the sway of the party in power has conducted us to the most unhappy and perilous point in American history. The measures inaugurated by a Republican Administration and a Republican Congress are now oppressing the people as no people were ever before oppressed. The people are being plundered and robbed and imprisoned by the hirelings of a weak, imbecile and despotic Administration. Contractors and spoilsmen are fattening upon the very life of the nation, and the public treasury is plundered by the most reckless horde of politicians that ever disgraced the annals of civilization. The laboring poor are groaning under the enormous and unprecedented burdens imposed upon them for the actual necessaries of life; and the little property accumulated by a life of industry will soon melt away under the oppressive taxation now necessary to sustain the party in power.

How long are these things to continue? Until the people rise up and demand a change of rulers; and the time has now come for this auspicious event. Already the People of Pennsylvania and the Great West have spoken. The Administration has been rebuked for its corruption, its weakness and its imbecility. A change of policy is demanded or the Government must go down in bankruptcy and disaster.

Andrew Jackson, on horseback with another horse in tow, arriving at the White House (1829; LOC: LC-USZC4-6670)

“beaten paths which our fathers trod” – Andrew Jackson (really!) arriving at White House in 1829

The time has come for the people to arouse themselves to the true issues of the contest. Under Democratic rule we were a prosperous, united and happy people. In an evil hour the control of the Government passed into hostile hands. From that hour confusion, misrule and civil war have marked the progress of events. Let us return to the sound principles of Democracy and to the beaten paths which our fathers trod, and all will be well.

FELLOW DEMOCRATS! There is a work for us to perform, a constitution for us to protect and a country for us to save. Arouse then to the exigency of the hour! Come up bravely and fearlessly to the good work. The signs of the times indicate success on Tuesday next, and if we but do our whole duty a glorious victory awaits us. From this time until the setting of the sun on election day, we must struggle and labor. Every voter must be at the polls, and every vote polled for HORATIO SEYMOUR and the whole Democratic ticket. – LET NO MAN FALTER NOW! PATRIOTS OF SENECA! DEMOCRATS! remember that eternal vigilance is the price of liberty! Push on the victorious column! Onward! Right Onward!

Civil War envelope showing shield with message "Shield of liberty" (between 1861 and 1865; LOC: LC-DIG-ppmsca-31978)

“eternal vigilance is the price of liberty!”

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Unconditionally prostrate

Son of the South provides an excellent service by hosting the digitized Harper’s Weekly from 1861-65. Here’s a couple political cartoons published in the October 25, 1862 issue. They comment on the upcoming election for New York State governor on November 4th. Horatio Seymour was the Democrat party candidate. (In case it’s hard to make out, the foot being kissed is labeled “South”.)

horatio-seymour-cartoon (Harper's Weekly 10-25-1862)

“WHAT THE SEYMOUR PARTY SAY. “

seymour-cartoon (Harper's Weekly 10-25-1862)

“WHAT THE SEYMOUR PARTY MEAN. “

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Any day now

The Antietam Campaign - Sept. 1862 (by Robert Knox Sneden; LOC: gvhs01 vhs00111 http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.ndlpcoop/gvhs01.vhs00111)

“Both Sides, Now”

Civil War Daily Gazette has been doing a great job giving us the interplay between President Lincoln and General McClellan as the president tries to gently goad his general into getting the army south of the Potomac and attacking the rebel army. Here’s a telegram the president sent to Little Mac 150 years ago today while the army was still astride the river (at Project Gutenberg Volume 6):

TELEGRAM TO GENERAL G. B. McCLELLAN.
EXECUTIVE MANSION, WASHINGTON, October 29, 1863.

MAJOR-GENERAL McCLELLAN:

Your despatches of night before last, yesterday, and last night all received. I am much pleased with the movement of the army. When you get entirely across the river let me know. What do you know of the enemy?
A. LINCOLN.

It might be a while. I’m not sure how well McClellan responds to vague timetables, but he probably wouldn’t respond at all to more definite orders from the Civilian-in-Chief. Lincoln keeps wanting to make contact with the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia to kill some more rebels. It is said that Lincoln and McClellan had very different ideas how the war should be conducted.

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Heroes Three

Robert E. Lee, C.S.A. (between 1860 and 1870; LOC: LC-DIG-cwpb-07494)

“Washingtonian dignity”

From the Richmond Daily Dispatch October 27, 1862:

Pictures of Southern Generals.

–The Columbus (Ga.)Times publishes from the pen of its army correspondent, the following pictures of three of our prominent Generals:

Gen. Lee has, I believe, won his way to everybody’s confidence. In appearance he is tall, portly, and commanding. His dress is usually a plain Brigadier’s uniform, a black felt hat, with the brim turned down, and he wears a short grizzled beard all round his face. He has much of the Washingtonian dignity about him, and is much respected by all with whom he is thrown. At Sharpsburg I saw him on the field during the heat of the action. He was surrounded by his staff and a perfect squadron of couriers. He was engaged in calmly viewing the storm of battle, and giving orders in a manner of cool reliance. Aids and couriers were hurrying to and from the right, left and centre, and the whole disposition of forces seemed under his perfect control.

Confederate General James Longstreet (by Alfred R. Waud, between 1861 and 1865; LOC: LC-DIG-ppmsca-20278)

“none can equal him in forcing a strong and well fortified position”

Gen. Longstreet is stout and fleshy, and of good height, and has a quiet, courageous look. He seems full of thought and of decision, and his face makes an agreeable impression alike on new and old acquaintances. He is characteristically a fighting man — none can equal him in forcing a strong and well fortified position, and Gen, Lee showed his appreciation of an old tried soldier, when he patted him on the shoulder after the late battle and said, “My old war horse!” In this engagement he was second in command of the army, and his old corps keenly felt the need of his able handling.

Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson CSA; LOC: between 1860 and 1870; LOC: LC-DIG-cwpb-07477)

clown act on hold

I was surprised at Stonewall Jackson’s appearance. He has been described as a sort of clown. I never yet saw him riding with his knees drawn up like a monkey, and his head resting upon his breast. He has a first-rate face, and seems a plainly dressed Captain of Cavalry, with an unpretending Staff. His uniform is fine enough, certainly, for the hard life he leads. But the imagination is piqued, you know, by the absence of pretension, as “a King in gray clothes,”Stonewall don’t like to come about the army much. The boys keep him bareheaded all the time. When they begin to cheer him be usually pulls off his hat, spurs his fine horse, and runs through the howls which meet him at every step (for some five miles) as hard as he can go.

________________________________________________

His excellency General Washington commander in chief of the united States of North America &c. (London : Pub'd. by R. Wilkinson, No. 58 Cornhill, 1783 May 15th; LOC: LC-USZ62-45479)

Washingtonian dignity

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Rejoice! (at least for today)

Reasons to procrastinate – the president marks the ways

Map of the Potomac River by Robert Knox Sneden (gvhs01 vhs00125 http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.ndlpcoop/gvhs01.vhs00125 )

The Potomac – a barrier being breached?

150 years ago this President Lincoln resorted to sarcasm to try to get George McClellan and his Army of the Potomac south of the Potomac.

As the Stars and Bars Blog points out, General McClellan started moving his army across the Potomac 150 years ago today. Here’s some telegraphic messages from President Lincoln to his general from October 26th and 27th, 1862 (at Project Gutenberg):

TELEGRAM TO GENERAL G. B. McCLELLAN.
EXECUTIVE MANSION WASHINGTON, October 26, 1862. 11.30am

MAJOR-GENERAL McCLELLAN:

Yours, in reply to mine about horses, received. Of course you know the facts better than I; still two considerations remain: Stuart’s cavalry outmarched ours, having certainly done more marked service on the Peninsula and everywhere since. Secondly, will not a movement of our army be a relief to the cavalry, compelling the enemy to concentrate instead of foraging in squads everywhere? But I am so rejoiced to learn from your despatch to General Halleck that you begin crossing the river this morning.
A. LINCOLN.

Unidentified soldier in Union uniform with cavalry saber standing next to horse fitted with McClellan saddle (between 1861 and 1865; LOC: LC-DIG-ppmsca-37119 )

“too much fatigued to move”?

TELEGRAM TO GENERAL G. B. McCLELLAN.
EXECUTIVE MANSION, WASHINGTON, October 27, 1862, 12.10

MAJOR-GENERAL McCLELLAN:

Yours of yesterday received. Most certainly I intend no injustice to any, and if I have done any I deeply regret it. To be told, after more than five weeks’ total inaction of the army, and during which period we have sent to the army every fresh horse we possibly could, amounting in the whole to 7918, that the cavalry horses were too much fatigued to move, presents a very cheerless, almost hopeless, prospect for the future, and it may have forced something of impatience in my despatch. If not recruited and rested then, when could they ever be? I suppose the river is rising, and I am glad to believe you are crossing.
A. LINCOLN.

TELEGRAM TO GENERAL G. B. McCLELLAN.
EXECUTIVE MANSION, WASHINGTON, October 27, 1862. 3.25pm

MAJOR-GENERAL McCLELLAN:

Your despatch of 3 P.M. to-day, in regard to filling up old regiments with drafted men, is received, and the request therein shall be complied with as far as practicable.

And now I ask a distinct answer to the question, Is it your purpose not to go into action again until the men now being drafted in the States are incorporated into the old regiments?
A. LINCOLN

There was definitely a debate about whether it would be better to fill up old regiments or form new ones. President Lincoln would probably say that the Southern army is in at least as bad a condition, so press ahead.

From rejoicing to believing the army is probably heading south to hearing about another possible delay – all in about 28 hours (thanks to the telegraph).

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Duelling Artillerymen

Intra-regimental “Affair of Honor”: 1st South Carolina Artillery’s second-in-command takes out his superior officer

Confederate flag flying. Ft. Sumter after the evacuation of Maj. Anderson - interior view (by Alma A. Pelot, 1861 April 16; LOC: LC-DIG-ppmsca-32284)

source of Confederate pride … and the Rhett-Calhoun bad blood

It seems noteworthy when the son of the famous secessionist fire-eater Robert B. Rhett kills the nephew of John C. Calhoun, the great champion of Southern states’ rights and promoter of nullification. The duel in this report happened in September. It was reported in Richmond 150 years ago yesterday.

From the Richmond Daily Dispatch October 24, 1862:

The duel at Charleston.

–The late fatal duel at Charleston, S. C., resulting in the death of Col. W. R. Calhoun, of the 1st Reg’t S. C. Artillery, at the hands of Maj. Alfred Rhett, of the same regiment, did not obtain much publicity through the papers of that city. A correspondent of the Mobile Advertiser, writing from Charleston, says it is to be the subject of legal investigation, the first case of that kind in the city courts for twenty years. The letter says:

Hon. Robert Barnwell Rhett, of South Carolina (Frank Leslie's illustrated newspaper, v. 11, no. 272 (1861 February 9); LOC: LC-USZ62-129740)

Alfred’s dad

Besides the principals and their surgeons, it is said there were six gentlemen present at the meeting–three State Senators, the Speaker of the House of Representatives of North Carolina a leading member of the State Convention, and a Captain Two of the Senators also hold commissions as officers of the army. The arrangements of the meeting were conducted throughout with the nicest regard for the etiquette of the “code,” and I have heard of several of those who were on the ground who express their belief that a more fairly-fought duel never occurred. Major Rhett, the challenged party, waived the “drop” shot, which he preferred, and shot the “rise.” He was dressed in full uniform; Col. Calhoun in citizen’s dress. Both fired almost simultaneously, Major Rhett in an instant after Col. Calhoun. The latter missed, and fell with a ball through the middle of his body. He survived only about an hour.

John C. Calhoun (ca. 1850; LOC: LC-USZ62-76296)

William Ransom’s uncle

The quarrel which led to this unfortunate result is said to have had its origin as long ago as April, 1861, at the time of the bombardment of Fort Sumter, in what Major Rhett considered repeated official trespasses of his inferior officer. These led to the use, on his part, of offensive language; and the repetition since of these alleged trespasses, and the offensive words by which they were met, have aggravated and complicated the affair. No explanation was asked or given. The immediate cause of meeting was a recent duel between Maj. Rhett and a friend of Col. Calhoun, who, though aware of the existing difficulty, had enlogized Col. Calhoun in the presence of Maj. Rhett. Therefore, Maj. Rhett repeated his previous denunciation of Col. Calhoun, which the friend of the latter resented as an insult to himself, and demanded satisfaction. In this first duel Maj. Rhett received two fires of his adversary; be himself flying his second shot in the air. Here the meeting ended. In both duels Major Rhett was peremptorily challenged. It is said that in the latter affair it was proposed on the part of the challenger that firing in the air should not be allowed.

Rhett: The Turbulent Life and Times of a Fire-Eater by William C. Davis reviews the duel on page 507. The source of the problem began in 1861 because Alfred resented the West Point educated Calhoun being promoted over him at Fort Sumter Bad words between Alfred and Calhoun’s friend caused the first duel in August 1862. Davis and the Dispatch both noted that Robert B. Rhett’s Charleston Mercury failed to report the duel.

Alfred Rhett lived to be promoted to Colonel and to be captured at the Battle of Averasboro in March 1865.

Confederate artillery near Charleston, S.C. (1863(?), printed later; LOC: LC-USZC4-4606)

Confederate artillerymen

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“nothing alike but their mutual hate”

Hon. John Van Buren (between 1855 and 1865; LOC: LC-DIG-cwpbh-02326)

Prince John: let the South go in peace

From the Richmond Daily Dispatch October 23, 1862:

“Depart in Peace.”

The New York Herald has one of its characteristic sneers at the willingness expressed by John Van Buren, if the Federal should capture Richmond, and the South should still refuse to come under the Union, to endorse the language once expressed by General Scott, “Wayward sisters, depart in peace.” Nothing will satisfy the Herald but the complete and thorough subjugation of the Southern States.

Nevertheless, the best policy, simply as policy, to say nothing of right and justice, which the Lincoln Government could have pursued at the time of his inauguration, and at any time since, would have been to permit the South to depart in peace.–The Government would have lost nothing by that policy, which it could have preserved by any other, and it would have saved the hundreds of thousands of lives and the hundreds of millions of treasure which the adoption of coercive measures has cost. So it will be to the end. Peace now, late as it is, is a better policy for the North than war. The South is never to be re-united to the old Union, except by the extermination of its whole people.–And when this is accomplished, of what value will the Union be to the North? With the whole framework of Southern society overthrown, the proprietors and directors of the labor dead or exiled, and the laborers themselves turned loose, what practical gain will ensure to the North? Their success would be as destructive to them as their defeat.–Why, then, push on to the bitter end this war of coercion, which is as senseless as it is brutal? Why, then, persist in Inflicting upon us protracted sufferings and loss of life, unless it be to gratify a mere spirit of revenge and inhumanity?

Civil War envelope showing angel holding American flag watching over sleeping children with broken doll on floor; also two boys sparring, one with Union flag and the other with Confederate flag; with messages "As it is," "God watches over them," and "As it will be" (New York : Berlin & Jones, between 1861 and 1865; LOC: LC-DIG-ppmsca-31828)

not according to today’s editorial

It must be evident enough by this time, to the most uncompromising coercionists, that their policy annihilated the Union sentiment of the South the moment it was adopted, and that every hour the war has continued has put the two people further and further apart, until now there is a gulf between them as wide and impassable as that between Lazarus and Dives. There are no two nations of Europe which have ever hated each other with more intense and implacable hate than North and South. There are no two nations in Europe more dissimilar, politically, socially, in almost every other respect that can be named. The two races, apart from their present hostility, do not think alike, do not look alike, do not even talk alike, and have nothing alike but their mutual hate. It is useless to attempt the union of such opposing elements. Better let them part in peace.

I’m pretty sure the Dispatch is casting the South in the role of Lazarus.

John Van Buren, the second son of Martin Van Buren was nicknamed “Prince John” because he danced with Queen Victoria in 1838. Along with his father, John was active in the Free Soil party. On October 17th the Dispatch published a letter in which Prince John seemed to conditionally offer to join a New York regiment. I’m not sure if was tongue-in-cheek or princely coquetry. (See yesterday’s post for an editorial accusing the Lincoln administration of coquetry)

Meeting of Union and Rebel pickets in the Rappahannock (sketched by Mr. Oertel, published 1863; LOC: LC-USZ62-100583)

Don’t think, look, talk alike?

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