Present Arms

Colt-arme-1860-p1030159

Colt Army Model 1860

From a Seneca County, New York newspaper, presumably sometime in early 1863:

Presentation to Capt. McDonald.

Capt. JAS. H. MCDONALD, of the 50th Regiment, received on Monday evening, a very substantial present at the hands of his fellow-citizens, for gallant and meritorious conduct as a soldier. The presentation took place at Union Hall and was witnessed by a large number in attendence [sic]. The meeting was organized by selecting A.J. GOFFE, Esq., as chairman, after which Hon. BENSON OWEN, in a speech suitable to the occasion, presented the Captain with a pair of Colt’s Revolvers, of the best and most improved patern [sic]. A purse of $50 was also presented. Capt. MCDONALD replied in a brief, modest and appropriate speech, thanking his fellow-citizens for the flattering testimonials presented. It will be remembered that Capt. MCDONALD was seriously wounded while throwing a pontoon bridge accross [sic] the Rappahannock the day previous to the battle of Fredericksburgh, his left arm being pierced by a musket ball. He has not entirely recovered from the effects of the wound. He left, however, for his Regiment on the noon train Wednesday.

Rappahannock Station, Virginia. Officers of 50th New York Engineers (by Timothy H. O'Sullivan, 1864 Mar; LOC: LC-DIG-cwpb-04077)

Captain McDonald in the picture? 50th NY officers in 1864

Major McDonald was mustered out in June 1865.

The image of the revolver is licensed by Creative Commons.

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Burnside Exiled?

I guess if you’re a strongly Democratic party newspaper you have to pretty much criticize everything the Lincoln administration does. After the Battle of Fredericksburg a Seneca County, New York newspaper blasted the Lincoln and his War Department for the slaughter of General Burnside’s army. Burnside actually took responsibility for the defeat and later offered to resign. News hit the wire 150 years ago this week that General Burnside had been transferred to command of the Department of Ohio. A Seneca County newspaper was again critical. In addition to being partisan this might demonstrate the public mindset that the Eastern theater was preeminent.

From a Seneca County, New York newspaper in March 1862:

Burnside’s New Command.

The telegraph announces that major Gen. BURNSIDE has been appointed to succeed Gen. WRIGHT in command of the Department of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and part of Kentucky, This command is of no special importance. It takes Gen. BURNSIDE from the field where his services are so much needed, and places him in a position that could be filled equally as well by officers of less calibre and experience. His headquarters will be at Cincinnati.

My thought would be – after the shellacking at Fredericksburg Burnside might have appreciated a change of scenery.

View of Cincinnati, Ohio from Covington, Ky. (by Edwin Whitefield, c.1848; LOC: LC-DIG-ppmsca-09404)

Cincinnati from Kentucky, c.1848

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Sambo and Coffee

civil-war-negro-soldiers (Harper's Weekly, March 14, 1863)

TEACHING THE NEGRO RECRUITS THE USE OF THE MINIE RIFLE.

A Democratic Party oriented newspaper maintained that blacks would have to be drafted to fight for their freedom.

From a Seneca County, New York newspaper in March 1863:

Drafting the Negroes.

All the highly colored stories concerning negro volunteers at Port Royal, have proved to be mere fiction, and were doubtless gotten up to subserve Abolitionism at the North. The latest news from South Carolina is that Gen. HUNTER has issued a formal order drafting all the able-bodied male negroes within the lines of his military department into the service of the general Government. – Even Sambo and Coffee must be conscripted. They do not willingly rush to arms even when the freedom of themselves and their race is at stake. What say our Abolition friends to this? Shall we hear any more of the “fiery zeal” of the negroes at Port Royal?

The March 14, 1863 issue of Harper’s Weekly (hosted at Son of the South) published a great deal of information about General David Hunter and black troops. There are favorable reports about the First Kansas Colored Volunteers and the First South Carolina Volunteers (colored).

The above image came from the same issue of Harper’s Weekly.

The following photo is entitled “Religious service aboard the monitor Passaic, Port Royal, S.C., 1863” and would seem to support the idea that the Union navy was more integrated than the army.

Religious service aboard the monitor Passaic, Port Royal, S.C., 1863 ( photographed 1863, [printed between 1880 and 1889]; LOC: LC-DIG-ppmsca-33818)

church on a raft

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anger management

Sometimes when I reproduce racist articles I feel like me and 150 years are ganging up on the people in the story – I have no idea what my thoughts and actions would be like if I lived so long ago. If we’re all just genes and environment, my environment definitely would have been different. I can be kind of set in my ways, set in my thoughts. I guess I want to try not to judge the actors; I want to respect and learn from the history.

Even though the following might just be a “story”, I thought it was worth putting up because it shows the reality of shortages and inflation during the war. Also, the same newspaper that alluded to the relatively newly developed science of atomic theory a few days ago, thinks it is a “good story” that the doctor here took out his frustrations on three helpless little people (probably pieces of property).

From the Richmond Daily Dispatch March 21, 1863:

A good Hotel story.

-In Atlanta, last week, a little incident occurred in the hotel has of business which is worth reading. The second party to the joke was the proprietor of the Atlanta Hotel. The Atlanta Confederacy says:

A Lieutenant Colonel, who was wounded at Murfreesboro’, who had been stopping a while with him, on the 20th day called for his bill, The obliging clerk handed him the document with 20 days multiplied by $4. The Colonel scanned the bill and observed its footing up–$80. He turned to the doctor, who was present, and asked him if he did not think that pretty heavy. The doctor, with that peculiarities of the head which indicates a small whirlwind, said:

“No; if you had to pay four dollars for a cobbler, one dollar a dozen for eggs, four dollars a pound for Ric[e] coffee, one dollar twenty-five cents for butter, fifteen dollars a bushel for potatoes, and five dollars a pair for shad, you’d think it was light! “

The Colonel ran his eye over his bill again and quietly replied:

“Well, I have been here twenty days, and d — n the article you have mentioned have I seen on your table.”

It is said that the doctor rushed out into the back yard, and did not cool off until be had whipped three little niggers.

It is said that fire-eating Dr. James P. Hambleton founded the Atlanta Southern Confederacy in 1859. He sold the paper in 1861 to join the Confederate army. In late April 1863 Dr. Hambleton was arrested in New York City with a large amount of Confederate currency in his possession. It seems like a pretty interesting story that involves General John Wool. And the writ of habeas corpus was actually invoked. Here’s the first paragraph from The New-York Times May 13, 1863:

LOCAL INTELLIGENCE.; The Case of James P. Hambleton. RETURN OF GEN. WOOL TO THE WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS. RETURN OF GEN. WOOL.

Some two weeks ago Mr. JAMES P. HAMBLETON, of Georgia, formerly editor and publisher of the Southern Confederacy, a paper rendered infamous by the publication several years ago of the “black list” of New-York merchants, (those not supposed to be favorable to the peculiar institution,) was arrested in this city having lately come from Georgia, and having in his possession $27,000 of Confederate money and bonds. When arrested, HAMBLETON claimed to be a Union man and to have opposed the rebellion from the start; but the fact of his having in his possession so large an amount of Confederate money, coupled with his own declaration that he intended soon to return to Georgia by way of Nassau, was regarded as sufficient cause for his detention, and he has since that time been in the custody of the Government authorities, nominally confined in the Park Barracks, but in reality allowed what might be called the freedom of the City. Last week a writ of habeas corpus was issued by Judge MCCUNN to Capt. ARMSTRONG, of the Park Barracks, and Gen. WOOL, requiring them to produce the body of HAMBLETON for the purpose of inquiring into the cause of his detention. On Saturday Capt. ARMSTRONG made return to the writ that he held him by virtue of an order from his superior officer, Gen. WOOL. He also produced the body of HAMBLETON, and Judge MCCUNN adjourned the hearing of the case to 3 o’clock Monday afternoon. At the hour appointed, SAMUEL G. GLASSEY, Esq., as counsel for Gen. WOOL, appeared and made the following further return to the writ: …

Yeah, the Times said this doctor’s newspaper published a “black list” of antislavery New York merchants.

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A lynching in Montgomery

The city of Montgomery, Alabama, showing the state house where the congress of the Southern Confederacy meets on February 4, 1861 (Harper's weekly, v. 5, no. 215 (1861 Feb. 9), p. 88 (bottom); LOC: LC-USZ62-132567)

How many traitors in this picture? Montgomery represented in early 1861

From the Richmond Daily Dispatch March 23, 1863:

A Spy Hung.

–Saturday morning last the Vigilance Committee resumed the examination of Dan’l S. E. Starr, who was charged with having written an Abolition book, which we believe, was found in his possession; but as the examination was conducted in secret we only speak from common report. It is understood that he had counsel at this examination. About 3 o’clock P. M.Starr was sent to jail to await a trial before the Circuit Court. But the sequel shows that he will never again appear before an earthly tribunal. Daylight Sunday morning revealed his body dangling from the limb of a tree in or near the revine in the north part of the city. How it got there will probably never be made public. The body was taken down by his relatives and in the afternoon decently interred.–Montgomery (Ala.) Mail

A book about Southern Unionists provides some more information about this incident. [1] Starr was a brickmason from Connecticut who lived with his wife and kids on the outskirts of Montgomery. His “Abolition Book” may have been sort of a defiant journal that “reflected poorly on the Confederacy and some local men.” He might let others know about his writings when he got drunk once. The consensus in Montgomery was that he was “an advocate of black equality and a Yankee traitor.” Starr’s murderers were never apprehended. Other Unionists in Montgomery were worried that the Starr hanging might provoke similar attacks against themselves, but that never happened.

The practice of hanging Unionists occurred earlier in American history. For example, Loyalists were hung from the Tory Oak in Wilkesboro, North Carolina. An patriot militia colonel used the tree to execute loyalist militia leaders.

The savages let loose, or The cruel fate of the Loyalists ( Sold by W. Humphrey No. 227 Strand, [1783 March]; LOC:  LC-USZC4-5256)

cartoonish truth – some British loyalists were lynched during American Revolution

  1. [1]Inscoe, John C., and Robert C. Kenzer, eds. Enemies Of The Country: New Perspectives On Unionists In The Civil War South. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 2001. Print. pages 182-183.
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baptisms in a battle-scarred town

Fredericksburg, Virginia. St. Georges Episcopal church and Court House (1864 May 19 or 20; LOC: LC-DIG-cwpb-01613)

“Fredericksburg, Virginia. St. Georges Episcopal church and Court House” May 1864

From the Richmond Daily Dispatch March 21, 1863:

From Fredericksburg.

[from our own correspondent.]

Fredericksburg, March 17, 1863.

On Sunday morning, in passing the Episcopal church, in which the religious exercises that, for the past three weeks, have excited so much interest in this community, are held, I saw a large crowd of soldiers, with some citizens and ladies, issue from the church and pass along Hanover street towards the battle field. I followed them. and witnessed a strange [s]ight, and one which does not often meet the eyes in times like these. There is a stream of water flowing in the rear of the [t]own, which, being obstructed, has overflowed is banks, and inundated the valley through which it It washes the western border of the graveyard in which so many of our [gal]lant soldiers lie side by side, situate of the diseases contracted twelve months since on the Potomac. Around this running water a large crowd had gathered, and the swelling notes of an appropriate hymn broke the stillness of this quiet Sabbath morning, as [an] anthem of praise ascended from a thousand manly voices. The Rev. Dr. Borrows, Rev. Mr. Cowling, and [Rev.] Mr. Ow[ens] were present, and officiated in services — and there, upon the very border of the battle-field, with the frowning batteries of the Confederates in front, the graves of our gallant dead around, the songs of joy and praise borne upon the air in incense of tribute and adoration to the God of Battles, the ordinance of baptism, by immersion, was administered to twenty-three members of Gen. Barks[dale’s] brigade[]. It was a strange and solemn spectacle, and impressed deeply all who gazed upon it — the time, the place, the circumstances, were all impressive. A few months before the deca[de]nt tread of our insolent inva[ders] fresh from their dastardly work of pil[lage] and destruction, pressed this very soil.–The arm of the Almighty was bared for our defence. He gave our Generals wisdom. He moved the arms of our soldiers in this righteous cause, and there the lifeless careless of our enemies lay thickly around the spot, and now the spirit of devotion has [de]cended in mercy upon our camps, and the harvest of the Lord is gathered here, from among the bravest of our noble soldiery, and the song of praise, the incense of an humble adoration, returns to, Heaven from the very field which God has blessed us with so a deliverance. It was a fit return for all His mercies — a worthy tribute to His honor and His glory — a signal instance of His presence and His blessing. May the God of battle ever manifest His power and His goodness thus, and dwell among us until the end.

Returning from the field to the church (ridd[l]ed as it is with the balls of the enemy) the same ordinance was administered, “by pouring,” upon eighteen other members of the brigade, Rev. Mr. Owens officiating, and the Rev. Dr. Burrows delivered an eloquent and impressive section to a crowded and attentive audience.

There is manifestly a serious and earnest interest in the subject of religion excited among the soldiers of this brigade, and the reverend gentlemen are indefatigable in their labors, which have been crowned with great success.

Street in Fredericksburg, Va., showing houses destroyed by bombardment in December, 1862 (photographed 1862, [printed between 1880 and 1889]; LOC:  LC-DIG-ppmsca-32890)

after the Federal December 1862 bombardment

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Death of General Sumner

The Peninsula, Virginia. Gen. Edwin V. Sumner in the field (1862;  LC-DIG-cwpb-01556)

whatever it takes for his country – General Sumner during the Peninsula campaign

From a Seneca County, New York newspaper in March 1863:

Death of Gen. Sumner.

Major General EDWIN V. SUMNER died at the residence of his son-in-law at Syracuse, on Saturday morning March 21st, at the advanced age of 67 years. He was one of the oldest and most respected officers in the service of the Government, having been appointed second Lieutenant in March 1819. He passed through the Mexican War and repeatedly distinguished himself for gallant and meritorious service. In March 1861 he was appointed Brigadier General in the regular army, in place of Gen. Twiggs. He was then ordered to the command of the Pacific, but being anxious for active service in the field, he was recalled to the East, and in March 1862, was appointed to the First Army Corps in the Army of the Potomac under Gen. MCCLELLAN. He served with him through the Peninsula campaign, taking a very prominent part in the struggles of that gallant Army. For his services before Richmond he was appointed major General. He bore a prominent part in the battles under Pope, and Burnside, after McClellan was relieved of command of the Army. Gen. SUMNER at the time of his death was on his way to the West, to succeed General Curtis, in that Department. His death is a great loss to the country, and he was one of the best and bravest officers in the service.

Appletons'_Sumner_Edwin_Vose

the general as a young man

His funeral took place at Syracuse on Wednesday and was a grand and imposing demonstration. Major Generals FREMONT and WALLACE, and other distinguished officers were present.

Also from a Seneca County, New York newspaper in 1863:

Gen. McClellan on Gen. Sumner.

The following letter from Ge. McClellan to the Mayor of Syracuse, appears in the Courier of that city:

NEW YORK, March 23, 1863.

Hon. D. BOOKSTAVER, Mayor of Syracuse.

DEAR SIR: – I regret that my engagements are of such a nature as to render it out of my power to attend the funeral of my lamented comrade, General Sumner.

It would afford me peculiar satisfaction to pay that just tribute of respect to his memory at this particular time, for in him the nation has sustained a loss it can ill afford at such a juncture as this.

All recognized the high honor, loyalty and courage of that distinguished veteran.

He presented to younger men the higher example of unswerving devotion to his country, and of a firm determination to sacrifice everything that might be necessary in subduing the rebellion, and restoring peace and the unity of the nation, by putting forth all the strength of the country to defeat its armed enemies in the field.

Although the nation has lost his service, we have at least his example left for our imitation.

Please present to the family of Gen. Sumner my sincere sympathy.

And believe me to [be] truly you[r]s,

GEO. B. MCCLELLAN, Maj. Gen. U.S.A.

You can view Sumner’s place in Oakwood Cemetery at Find A Grave.

“Bull Head” joined the army the year before the Missouri Compromise and its explicit, tit-for-tat, slave-state versus free-state provisions. Of course, the Constitution was already pointing that way with its three-fifths person rule.

USA_Territorial_Growth_1820_alt

United States c.1820

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Unionists of New York

It’s not all Copperheads and treason in March 1863, and the Conscription Act has yet to be implemented.

From The New-York Times March 20, 1863:

Another Union Demonstration.

Every few days now, we have a grand popular demonstration in behalf of the Union and the prosecution of the war, beside innumerable minor but not less valuable meetings held nightly in the various Wards of the City. The new vitality, the rising spirit, the hopeful unity, the growing determination of the people, is shown in nothing more strikingly than in this. The people never tire of them, but every meeting seems better and stronger than the one which went before.

The Loyal National League, which held its inaugural meeting at the Academy of Music last Saturday night, meets in its organized capacity at the Cooper Institute this evening. It is an Association open to all who are loyal, with no secrets and but one purpose, established to forward the interest of no man or party. Democrats, Republicans and Conservatives, men from the North and the South, meet together and join hands for mutual strength and support in upholding the great cause of national freedom and Union. It was two life-long Democrats who were the orators at the meeting last week, and two gallant Southern Unionists are to be the chief speakers to-night. We have no more effective popular orator in the country than Gen. HAMILTON, of Texas, and the fact that he is to speak to-night is enough to fill any building in New-York.

After fleeing Texas for Mexico, Andrew Jackson Hamilton:

… became a hero in the North and delivered speeches in New York, Boston, and other Northern cities. His rhetorical targets included slavery, disunionists, and the “slave power,” which he believed was trying to subvert democracy and the rights of non-slaveowners. After he met with President Abraham Lincoln in November 1862, he accepted a commission as brigadier general of volunteers and an appointment as military governor of Texas. Hamilton accompanied an unsuccessful federal expedition into South Texas in late 1863 and spent most of the rest of the war in New Orleans, where his family joined him late in 1864.

You can read the details of this 1863 image at the Library of Congress.

The re-union of the home of the brave and free! (by Samuel Canty c.1863; LOC:  LC-DIG-pga-00460)

General Hamilton’s namesake looking forward to re-union

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Back East

Based on its placement in a notebook full of clippings, I believe this article from a Seneca County, New York newspaper was probably published around March, 1863. Regular U.S. Infantry had come back from the West to fight the rebels in the East.

Return of a Regular.

JOSEPH CORY, of this village, returned home on Wednesday morning, after an absence of five years in the regular service of the Government. He enlisted in the 10th Regiment of Infantry during the progress of the Mormon war, and has served a greater part of his time on the Western frontier. His Regiment was sent to Washington during the summer of 1862, and now forms a part of the army of the Potomac. He has seen a great deal of hard service, and has earned for himself the praise of being a brave and efficient soldier. He is looking remarkably well and rugged.

The Utah War:

was an armed confrontation between Mormon settlers in the Utah Territory and the armed forces of the United States government. The confrontation lasted from May 1857 until July 1858. While there were casualties, mostly non-Mormon civilians, the “war” had no battles, and was resolved through negotiation.

The U.S. 10th Infantry was constituted in March 1855. By January 1862 some companies had already returned East to help defend Washington. Some of the companies that remained out West fought in the February 1862 Battle of Valverde in Arizona territory against a Confederate force led by Henry Hopkins Sibley. The 10th fought in the European Theater in World War II.

The Great Salt Lake of Utah (by Thomas Moran, c.1875; LOC:  LC-USZC4-3004)

Utah’s Great Salt Lake, c.1875

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Election in Fredericksburg

Fredericksburg, Va. View of town from east bank of the Rappahannock (by Timothy H. O'Sullivan, 1863 March; LOC: LC-DIG-cwpb-04325)

Fredericksburg in March 1863 from Yankee-controlled side of river

Americans are fortunate that we mostly have “free and fair” elections. 150 years ago yesterday the people of Fredericksburg, Virginia apparently relied on Confederate troops to ensure that the Yankees on the other side of the Rappahannock did not try to interfere in a municipal election.

From the Richmond Daily Dispatch March 18, 1863:

From Fredericksburg.
[from our own correspondent.]

Fredericksburg, Va., March17, 1863.

Fredericksburg has again uttered her denial to the insolent foe of allegiance to the United States. Hooker is sent to seize her, after Burnside’s brief, brutal, and inglorious three days occupation, and appoint officials to administer her government. But to-day, at the legally appointed period designated by her charter, her citizens have chosen her municipal officers for the ensuing year. Protected by Barksdale’s Brigade, under the very guns of the Yankees, this election was conducted with unusual quiet and order M. Slaughter, Esq., who for several terms, and especially during the war; has discharged the onerous and important outles of the office with honor and credit to the community and himself, was re-elected Mayor; W. A. Little, Recorder; and L. J. Huffman H. B. Hall. Geo. W. Eve, Dr. J. G. Wallace, John F. Scott. J. G. Hurkarf, D. H. Gordon, Jno. M. Herudon. Jno. A. English, and James McGaire, were chosen Common Councilmen.

The Mayor was serenaded at night by the admirable Band of the 13th Mississippi regiment, whose leader is Prof. T. D. Nutting, who performed several beautiful airs and were thanked by the Mayor both as soldiers and musicians. Gen. Hooker can get a serenade or reveille whenever he chooses from several bands of Mississippians and others here, who will let him hear the music of their rifles and the roar of their artillery as soon or late as he is ready for the racket.

In this connection, let me say that the music I heard at the last performance by the “Barksdale Thesptans and Europeans.” at which Prof. Nutting’s Band and the Glee Club of the Richmond Howitzers, led by Prof. Crouch, performed, was as exquisite as any I ever listened to. I did not hear at all, but one piece reminded me of Tennyson’s.

“Music, that gentler on the spirit lies
Than tired eyelids upon tired eyes.”

And another was soul-stirring, as Comus says. “to create a soul under the ribs of death. ” The army and the audience appreciate the high standard they have introduced in their entertainments. The afterpiece.–“The Recruit”–I did not hear, but understand that Briley and his fellow actors “brought down” the curtain as well as “the house.”

William Barksdale, Representative from Mississippi, Thirty-fifth Congress, half-length portrait (by Julian Vannerson, 1859; LOC: LC-DIG-ppmsca-26720)

William Barksdale – fire-eater in U.S. House

As a young man William Barksdale was an “editor of the Columbus [Mississippi] Democrat, a pro-slavery newspaper”. He fought in the Mexican War and later was elected to the U.S. House where he “achieved national prominence as a States’ rights Democrat, serving from March 4, 1853, to January 12, 1861. He was considered to be one of the most ferocious of all the “Fire-Eaters” in the House. During the war Barksdale assumed brigade command during the Peninsula campaign. At Fredericksburg in December 1862 his snipers harassed Union pontoon-builders until the Mississippians were driven out of the city.

In addition to securing the municipal election it is said that “Barksdale’s Brigade was alerted” to the action at Kelly’s Ford.

Fredericksburg’s mayor, Montgomery Slaughter, was involved in negotiations with Union General Sumner in November 1862 over the surrender of his city to the Yankees.

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